Cardinal vowels 1

Cardinal vowels Based on most extreme vowel positions 2

Cardinal vowels Based on most extreme vowel positions e.g. cardinal [i] is most closed and most front vowel possible Any more closure results in turbulence Voiced, palatal, fricative [ʑ] 3

Cardinal vowels Based on most extreme vowel positions e.g. cardinal [i] is most closed and most front vowel possible Any more closure results in turbulence Voiced, palatal, fricative [ʑ] 4

Cardinal vowels Cardinal [u] is most closed and most back vowel possible Any more closure results in turbulence Voiced, velar, fricative [ɣ] 5

Cardinal vowels 6

Cardinal vowels Australian vs. US English 7

Cardinal vowels [e] is diphthong in American English [eɪ] 8

Cardinal vowels [e] is diphthong in American English [eɪ] Say ‘day’ as [e] not [eɪ] Common in Scotland, N. England 9

Cardinal vowels [e] is diphthong in American English [eɪ] Say ‘day’ as [e] not [eɪ] Common in Scotland, N. England [e] is closer to the cardinal [e] than [eɪ] 10

Cardinal vowels [o] is diphthong in American English [oʊ] 11

Cardinal vowels [o] is diphthong in American English [oʊ] Say ‘dough’ as [o] not [oʊ] Common in Scotland, N. England [o] is closer to the cardinal [o] than [oʊ] 12

Vowels in dialects Vowel differences are major dialectal markers 13

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘he’ 14

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘he’ [heɪ] 15

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘he’ [heɪ] ‘hid’ 16

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘he’ [heɪ] ‘hid’ [hiəd] 17

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘he’ [heɪ] ‘hid’ [hiəd] ‘hay’ [həi] 18

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘he’ [heɪ] ‘hid’ [hiəd] ‘hay’ [həi] ‘head’ [hæd], [heəd] 19

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ 20

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] 21

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] 22

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] ‘hoed’ 23

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] ‘hoed’ [heʊd] 24

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] ‘hoed’ [heʊd] ‘hood’ 25

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] ‘hoed’ [heʊd] ‘hood’ [hʊəd] 26

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] ‘hoed’ [heʊd] ‘hood’ [hʊəd] ‘who’d’ 27

Vowels in dialects What different pronunciation are there of ‘had’ [hɛd] [hejəd] ‘hawed, hod’ [hɔəd] ‘hoed’ [heʊd] ‘hood’ [hʊəd] ‘who’d’ ?? 28

Vowels in dialects The point? Most English vowels can be diphthongs 29

Primary cardinal vowels Memorize these. Know their numbers 30

Primary cardinal vowels [i] is higher and fronter than AE 31

Primary cardinal vowels [e] is not a diph. As in AE 32

Primary cardinal vowels [ɛ] as in ‘bet’, ‘said’ 33

Primary cardinal vowels Contrast [ɑ] in ‘father’ and [a] in ‘like’ [aɪ] 34

Primary cardinal vowels Contrast [ɑ] in ‘father’ and [a] in ‘like’ [aɪ] [a] is Spanish 35

Primary cardinal vowels Primary 1-5 are unrounded, 6-8 are rounded 36

Primary cardinal vowels [ɔ] exists in ‘all’,’caught, ‘always’ in some dialects 37

Primary cardinal vowels [ɔ] exists in diphthongs, [ɔɪ] ‘toy, soy’ 38

Primary cardinal vowels [o] is often a diphthong [oʊ] in AE 39

Primary cardinal vowels [u] is often a diphthong [uʊ] in AE 40

Primary cardinal vowels [u] is fronted in AE 41

Secondary cardinal vowels Take primary and switch rounding 42

Secondary cardinal vowels Practice rounding and unrounding primary vowels 43

Secondary cardinal vowels [ɒ] exists in RP ‘hot, lot’ 44

Secondary cardinal vowels [Ʌ] is used as stressed schwa in AE ‘but, much’ but there it is more central Confusing use of symbol 45

Secondary cardinal vowels [ɤ] is unrounded [o] 46

Secondary cardinal vowels [ɤ] looks like voiced, velar fricative [ɣ] 47