“Plainchant and Secular Monophony”

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Presentation transcript:

“Plainchant and Secular Monophony” Chapter 1 “Plainchant and Secular Monophony”

Origins of Chant Recitation and singing of Christian scriptures Based in Jewish Practices Biblical references Allure & danger of music - St. Basil (4th cent) - St. Augustine (5th cent) Not systematized Local Practices: Roman, Ambrosian, Gallican, Mozarabic, etc. NO NOTATION Origins of Chant

Early Organization of Chant Pope Gregory I, “Great” (reigned 590-604) Promotes “Roman” versions of chant Credited w/ systematic organization of chants Myth Probably begun under earlier popes From an early St. Gall MS

Origins of Notation Need to unify HRE Impose common liturgy throughout HRE Singing Schools - Metz (France) - St. Gall (Switzerland) Texts notated as memory aids (Neumes) Earliest appear c. late 800s Coronation of Charlemagne (800 CE)

Nondiastematic Neumes Pre-1000 (?)

Diastematic Neumes 11th Century

More Diastematic Neumes MUH 3211 - Music History I 11/12/2018 More Diastematic Neumes Late 11th Century DAY 4 (1 Sep 17)

“Square” Notation 14th Century

“Modern” Chant Notation From the Liber Usualis

Plainchant Also: just “Chant” or “Gregorian Chant” Defined: - one line melody (one or more singers) - NO accompaniment/2nd or additional lines Five elements - Liturgical Function - Relationship of Words and Music - Mode - Melodic Structure - Rhythm

Liturgical Function Determines much of a chant’s sound, etc. Two broad classes of services Office (from officium = “duty”) - fixed daily series of 8 services (prayers, etc.) - monastery/nunnery – private devotions - Rule of St. Benedict defines these Mass - daily public service (prayers, singing - Eucharist (re-enacts Christ’s sacrifice)

Ordinary vs. Proper Based in Liturgical Calendar - Advent through Easter, then Pentecost Feasts celebrated in order/assigned days - specific prayers, readings, hymns, etc. Certain unique elements used on specific days - cannot be sung/said on any other day - PROPER Unchanging elements not tied to specific days - Framework of mass/office - ORDINARY

Order of the Mass Music Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus/Benedictus Agnus Dei Ite, missa est Introit Gradual Offertory Communion Ordinary Proper

Words and Music How many notes for each syllable? Syllabic (one note to each syllable) - “Victimae Paschali Laudes” - “Credo” Melismatic (multiple notes for a syllable) - “Kyrie” - “Alleluia” Neumatic (short melismas, 2-4 notes)