Chapter 6: Civil Rights

African-Americans Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Adolph Plessy refused to sit in segregated train car in Louisiana. It led to the Supreme Court decision of separate-but-equal. Adolph Plessy

African-Americans Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Linda Brown wanted to enroll in a white school which denied her entry. Chief Justice Warren ruled that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” His decision overturned Plessy v. Ferguson.

African-Americans Desegregation v. Integration De jure segregation or segregation by law was deemed illegal. De facto segregation was not illegal because it was based on preferred living patterns.

African-Americans Desegregation v. Integration Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) Chief Justice Burger ruled that a “unitary school system” was needed. This allowed for redistricting and busing.

African-Americans The Congressional Campaign Civil Disobedience is the peaceful violation of an unjust law. Greensboro “Sit-in” Montgomery Bus Boycott

African-Americans The Congressional Campaign Civil Disobedience is the peaceful violation of an unjust law. “March on Washington” “I Have a Dream” Speech

African-Americans The Congressional Campaign The Civil Rights Act of 1964 The bill vanished in committee. A discharge petition was made with the support of President Johnson.

African-Americans The Congressional Campaign The Civil Rights Act of 1964 In the Senate, Senator Strom Thurmond led a filibuster. Cloture was finally invoked with the urging of President Johnson.

Women & Equal Rights Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was the first feminist movement/meeting in the industrial world. Reed v. Reed (1971) ruled that gender discrimination violated the equal protection clause in the Constitution. Attorney Allen Derr and plaintiff Sally Reed

Women & Equal Rights Equal Rights Amendment (1977) The bill attempted to grant women “true” legal equality but it failed.

Women & Equal Rights Equal Rights Amendment (1977) Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) This case answered the main issue why the ERA failed. The main hold up to the ERA was could women be drafted. The Court ruled they could not be drafted.

Women & Equal Rights Sexual Harassment “Quid pro quo” is illegal. Asking sexual favors in return for employment or promotion.

Women & Equal Rights Sexual Harassment Hostile or Intimidating Work Environment This can be where sexual teasing, jokes, or obscenities are directed toward an individual. Employers are not necessarily liable but can be found negligent. There are no federal laws governing sexual harassment.

Women & Equal Rights Privacy and Sex Police powers are state powers in which laws are created to promote health, safety, and morals.

Women & Equal Rights Privacy and Sex Roe v. Wade It ruled on a women’s right to privacy. It concluded that this included a woman’s right to terminate a pregnancy (in the first trimester).

Women & Equal Rights Privacy and Sex Roe v. Wade Hyde Amendment It was created by pro-lifers to prevent federal funds from being spent to fund abortions. Its main effect has been to deny Medicaid funds to pay for abortions for low-income women. Congressman Henry Hyde

Affirmative Action Terminology Affirmative action It is the practice of preferential hiring. It also depends on what is meant by it and your racial identity. Reverse discrimination occurs when race or sex is used to give preferential treatment to some people.

Affirmative Action Landmark Cases Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) the Rehnquist court ruled that race may be used to create a diversified campus since it is not the only factor used in determining admission. Barbara Grutter

Affirmative Action Landmark Cases Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) the Rehnquist court ruled that “strict standard” had not been met since admissions did not look at individuals, only their race, and used that in their process of categorization. Jennifer Gratz

Gays & the Constitution Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) the Burger Court ruled that the Constitution provided no basis for consensual sodomy. Michael Hardwick

Gays & the Constitution Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000), the Rehnquist Court ruled that private organizations have the right to determine their own membership. James Dale

Gays & the Constitution Lawrence v. Texas (2003) The Rehnquist Court ruled that under the 14th Amendment, due process had been violated. In effect, this case overturned Bowers v. Hardwick. Plaintiffs John Lawrence & Tyron Garner