The Civil & Equal Rights Movements-1960’s We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights. We have talked for one hundred years or more. It is time now to write it in the books of law. ~ President Lyndon Johnson I refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to the starless midnight of racism and war that the bright daybreak of peace and brotherhood can never become a reality... I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word. ~ Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil & Equal Rights The civil rights movement was political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for African Americans and Hispanic Americans. The equal rights movement was mainly women and Hispanics fighting to be treated fairly in the areas of employment and government. SELMA Civil rights marchers cross the Alabama river on the Edmund Pettus Bridge at Selma March 21, 1965, with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. at the lead at the start of a five day, 50-mile march to the State Capitol of Montgomery for voter registration rights for blacks. (AP Photo) Contents

CIVIL RIGHTs ACT of 1964 Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Ended voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools and work place.

VOTING RIGHTs Voting requirements included a literacy test (read and write), which disqualified many African Americans & Hispanics who had not had access to education; property ownership, which excluded most from voting. Having to pay a poll tax (tax to vote) prevented most Southern African Americans & Hispanics from voting because they could not afford it. Contents

Segregation African Americans and Hispanics had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks. A grammatically incorrect segregation sign A Sign at the Greyhound Bus Station, Rome, Georgia Esther Bubley, photographer, September 1943. Contents

Jim Crow Laws Segregation, often called the Jim Crow laws, was an attempt by many white Southerners to separate the races in every aspect of daily life. Jim Crow African American character who acted out negative stereotypes of African Americans. Contents

Plessy v. Ferguson One of the cases against segregated rail travel was Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that “separate but equal” accommodations were constitutional. Contents

Brown v. Board Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, said racially segregated education was unconstitutional and overturned the Plessy decision. It forced integration, benefitting both African Americans and Hispanics Remember the Titans Desegregate the schools! Vote Socialist Workers : Peter Camejo for president, Willie Mae Reid for vice-president. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-101452

Sweatt vs Painter Supreme Court case the allowed an African American be allowed to enroll in University of Texas a “White College”

NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People The NAACP relied mainly on legal strategies that challenged segregation and discrimination in the courts. Lulu Belle Madison White worked with NAACP for equal rights for African Americans. Obama became president 100 years after the founding of the NAACP. 20th Annual session of the N.A.A.C.P., 6/26/29 Cleveland, Ohio Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ62-111535 Contents

Civil Disobedience Whites and African Americans used a method called civil disobedience to peacefully protest discrimination and segregation. At sit-ins demonstrators refuse to leave until their demands are met. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s March on Washington where he delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech to 200,000 people. Woolworth’s Sit-In, 1960 Contents

Civil Disobedience & Freedom Rides Rosa Parks being fingerprinted, 1955 James L. Farmer organized bus sit-ins called “Freedom Rides” that ran from North to South Rosa Parks was told to give up her seat on a city bus to a white person. When Parks refused to move, she was arrested (Selma clip) Contents

Equal Rights for Hispanics Hector Garcia fought for equal rights and veteran’s benefits for Mexican-American soldiers after WWII LULAC was organized in 1929 to advocate for Hispanics in the work place, education and court systems

Equal Rights for Women Jane McCallum worked to get women the right to vote Women got the right to vote in 1920, with the passage of the 19th Amendment Oveta Culp Hobby fought for voting rights and equal rights in the workplace for women