World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924) Lesson 3 World War I Ends

Describe how World War I became a total war. World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924) Lesson 3 World War I Ends Learning Objectives Describe how World War I became a total war. Explain how U.S. entry into the war led to an Allied victory. List the effects of World War I in terms of financial costs, high casualty rates, and political impact. Describe the issues at the Paris Peace Conference and the impact of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points. Summarize the terms and impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

total war. self-determination, conscription, armistice, contraband, World War I and the Russian Revolution (1914–1924) Lesson 3 World War I Ends Key Terms total war. self-determination, conscription, armistice, contraband, pandemic Lusitania reparations, Propaganda radicals, atrocities, collective security, Fourteen Points, mandates,

Morale Breaks Down Despite inspiring propaganda, by 1917 the morale of troops and civilians had plunged. Germany was sending 15-year-old recruits to the front, and Britain was on the brink of bankruptcy.

War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers Morale Breaks Down War-Weary Civilians and Soldiers Soldiers who were fighting could not keep morale high. You smug-faced crowds with kindling eye Who cheer when soldier lads march by, Sneak home and pray you’ll never know The hell where youth and laughter go. —Siegfried Sassoon, “Suicide in the Trenches”

Morale Breaks Down Soldiers ate, slept, fought and died in the trenches. As the war dragged on and casualties mounted, morale was severely tested.

The United States Enters the War Soon after the Russian Revolution began, another event altered the balance of forces. The United States declared war on Germany. Many factors contributed to the decision of the United States to exchange neutrality for war in 1917.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare The United States Enters the War Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - Sinking of Lusitania and other supply/passenger ships Anti-German Sentiment Grows Unrestricted sub warfare Cultural ties Zimmerman Note Wilson Asks for a “War to End War” Wilson asks for war permission in April 1917 By 1918 2 million soldiers are in the fight

The United States Enters the War Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. Here, President Wilson reads a German message and ponders what to do. Analyze Political Cartoons What does the overflowing waste basket suggest?

The United States Enters the War Analyze Information Which of Wilson’s Fourteen Points deal with countries having free access to international commerce? Why did Wilson consider this so important?

The Great War Ends A final showdown on the Western Front began in early 1918. The Germans badly wanted to achieve a major victory before eager American troops arrived in Europe.

** Germany asks for Armistice on 11/11/1918 at 11:00 AM*** The Great War Ends ** Germany asks for Armistice on 11/11/1918 at 11:00 AM*** The Human Toll 8.5mil soldiers dead / 6mil civilians dead 17 million wounded/disabled The Economic Toll Allies made Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire pay reparations The Political Toll Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire governments collapsed Political radicals wanted to make extreme changes Colonial unrest and demand for freedom

The Great War Ends A London crowd celebrates the end of the Great War. Similar scenes occurred in the United States and other Allied countries.

World War I ended in 1918, but its human and economic costs would be felt for decades. Many nations had thrown all their resources into the fight, and their losses were staggering.

Making the Peace Just weeks after the war ended, President Wilson boarded a steamship bound for France. He had decided to go in person to Paris, where Allied leaders would make the peace. Wilson was certain that he could bring a “just peace” to the world. “Tell me what is right,” Wilson urged his advisors, “and I’ll fight for it.”

Allies Have Conflicting Goals Making the Peace Allies Have Conflicting Goals US - Wilson – collective security (League of Nations) GB – George – Postwar Britain fit for heroes France – Clemenceau – Punish Germany Obstacles to Settlement Secret agreements made during war caused problems Self-determination of nationalities

The Treaty of Versailles Germany took full blame of war Making the Peace The Treaty of Versailles Germany took full blame of war Reparations on Germany Gave land back to France Limited size of German military Stripped Germany of colonies

Making the Peace Delegates gathered in Paris in 1919 to discuss peace terms. The treaty between the Allies and Germany was signed in June in the Hall of Mirrors, shown here, at the palace of Versailles.

Effects of the Peace Settlements The Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers. These treaties redrew the map of Eastern Europe and affected colonial peoples around the globe. Like the Treaty of Versailles, these treaties left widespread dissatisfaction.

Effects of the Peace Settlements Analyze Maps Based on this map and the text, why were many Germans unhappy with the territorial changes that occurred after World War I?

Effects of the Peace Settlements Delegates attend the first meeting of the League of Nations on December 4, 1920, in the Hall of Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland.

Which of the following examples is a characteristic of total war? Quiz: Governments Direct Total War Which of the following examples is a characteristic of total war? A. The press is censored to control public opinion. B. A stalemate bogs down the war for an extended time. C. Factories scale back on production to save energy for the war effort. D. Governments loosen economic controls.

What is the meaning of Siegfried Sassoon’s poem in this reading? Quiz: Morale Breaks Down What is the meaning of Siegfried Sassoon’s poem in this reading? A. It’s important for the citizens at home to support the troops as they leave for battle. B. Cheering is one way that people can help boost troop morale. C. It’s easy to cheer for young troops and not think of the horrors they will face . D. A good soldier understands that war is the time to put his youth behind him.

Which of the following is a key goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points? Quiz: The United States Enters the War Which of the following is a key goal of Wilson’s Fourteen Points? A. establishing spheres of influence B. supporting free trade C. maintaining isolation D. honoring secret treaties

Why did Germany ask the Allies for an armistice in November 1918? Quiz: The Great War Ends Why did Germany ask the Allies for an armistice in November 1918? A. Germany was exhausted and could not hold out against fresh troops from the United States. B. Germany wanted to direct all of its resources on the Eastern front against Russia. C. The Allies had assured Germany that a peace settlement would favor Germany. D. Germany agreed to an armistice only until war could be resumed.

Quiz: Making the Peace How did the Treaty of Versailles create a climate that might cause another war in Europe? A. The Central Powers and Russia were secretly planning to disrupt the peace talks. B. Germany was forced to accept harsh treaty terms and might use force to undo the treaty or seek revenge. C. The Allies held Russia in contempt for negotiating its own peace with Germany and might seek war to punish Russia. D. France was dissatisfied with the terms of the treaty and might go to war against the Central Powers to win better terms.

Which of the following was a violation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points? Quiz: Effects of the Peace Settlements Which of the following was a violation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points? A. formation of the League of Nations B. establishment of the mandate system C. creation of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia D. end of European imperialism