Today’s goals Review important grammar concepts from this semester Introduce grammar concepts related to comma usage

Grammar review What function does each of the following parts of speech play: Noun Adjective Verb Adverb Article

Grammar review What is the difference between mass and count nouns? What are the three basic verb phrases in English?

Grammar Basics Count nouns: Mass nouns: Can be quantified, counted, and made plural Examples: chair, class, computer, book, light Make sure you are using the correct singular or plural form for agreement Mass nouns: Cannot be quantified, counted, or made plural Example: sugar, reading, water, courage, wine Mass nouns are considered singular for agreement purposes Test: If you are not sure if a noun is count or mass, try adding one of the following words before it: few + noun, many + noun, two + noun Count nouns can be modified in this manner while mass nouns cannot

Grammar: Verbs Perfect Progressive Passive Have + past participle verb (usually –ed or –en) I have eaten lunch already today Progressive Be + present participle verb (-ing) I am eating lunch right now Passive Past be + past participle (subject and object are flipped from the original sentence) Normal: I performed the experiment Passivized: The experiment was performed by me today

Grammar review What are independent and dependent clauses? What are compound and complex sentences? What kind of punctuation do we use in each? What are the other common uses of commas?

Common Comma Usage Separate clauses (may require a conjunction) List items in a series Offset quotations Offset Introductory element Show non-restrictive elements

Common Sentence Structures Compound sentences: have more than one independent clause Independent clause, (coordinating conjunction) independent clause Independent clause; independent clause Complex sentences: have an independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses Independent clause (subordinate conjunction) dependent clause (Subordinate conjunction) Dependent clause, independent clause Note: it is possible to have sentences that are compound as well as complex

Examples Where would we add commas here to separate dependent and independent clauses? Are these sentences compound, complex, or both? I have never been to Australia but I have always wanted to go Because I was always so stubborn I couldn’t admit defeat We won’t have more paper until I go to the store The scientist wasn’t sure about his theory and it showed in his presentation Although I have always wanted to play basketball I am probably too short

conjunctions Coordinate conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Remember: FAN BOYS For And Nor But Or Yet So Because Although After Before While Though Unless Until (and many others)

Common Comma Usage Separate clauses (may require a conjunction) List items in a series Offset quotations Offset Introductory element Show non-restrictive elements

Items in a series A and B A, B, and/or C A, B (for adjectives) Examples: I bought a soda hamburger and fries from McDonalds I went to the store mailed my bills and walked the dog I have never seen such a colorful elegant dress before Jason brought cups and napkins to the party

Nonrestrictive Elements Where would it be necessary to add commas to show nonrestrictive elements here? Her stepfather whom she disliked intensely was a deadbeat The three police officers who had just finished eating donuts arrived at the scene of the crime

Class activity – grammar practice Add commas and edit the following sentences where appropriate: Although I like sunbathing at the beach to get a tan I hate to get sunburn. Because I studied all night I was too tired to focus and I flunked the exam. We could go to the movies and have dinner or we could just stay home. Fishermen who do not obey catch and release laws are often fined. The star athelete who had won many games was given a gold medal. I went to the gym lifted weights drank a shake and went home. While you’re at the grocery store, please pick up eggs milk and bread. She gave her husband a quick unexpected slap.

Group quiz: Grammar review Form up teams of 3-4 students Select a team name and log into Kahoot

homework WTI Final Draft 300-500 words Must include works cited page Submitted to Turnitin.com by midnight