How do Autotrophs make energy? Photosynthesis = making food from light Chemosynthesis = making food from chemicals Plants, algae, some bacteria Bacteria in deep ocean

Consumers Consumers are heterotrophs: Hetero = other Troph = Feeder Get energy and carbon from organic sources Carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, scavengers, decomposers and detritivores

3.3 Food Chains One-way chain of relationships between producers and consumers Starts with a Primary Producer, then First, Second, Third (tertiary) and Fourth- level consumers Arrows point toward the “eater”

Food Webs More complex set of relationships Includes all inter- dependent individuals in an ecosystem Arrows point toward the “eater” still, but there may be multiple arrows from each item Phytoplankton!

Disturbances to food webs

Trophic Levels and Pyramids A trophic level is any step in a food chain or food web Ecological pyramids take these steps and compare the relative amounts of individuals by mass, numbers or energy at each level

Energy Efficiency Only around 10 % of the energy in tissues of organisms at one trophic level ends up in tissues of those at the next trophic level Some energy is lost as heat Some biomass is not digested Efficiency of transfers tends to be greatest in aquatic systems

Pyramids of energy represent the loss of energy from a food chain how much energy is turned into biomass 2004-2005

Implications Dynamics of energy through ecosystems have important implications for human populations what food would be more ecologically sound? We consume more than just food: water, energy, space/habitat 2004-2005

3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Show cycles of nutrients (H, O, C, N, P)between air, water, rock and living reservoirs

Law of Conservation of Matter Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) French Chemist and Nobleman “Matter cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form. In a closed system, the amount of matter must remain constant over time.” Earth is a closed system, so all matter must cycle over time. Where does it all go?!?

Limiting Nutrients

The Water Cycle (H and O) Evaporation Transpiration Condensation Precipitation Runoff Groundwater Uptake by living things (Biomass) Wastewater Filtering of wastewater by bacteria and plants

Environmental Water Reservoirs

Groundwater overdrafts: Hawaiian Islands Alaska Figure 47.13 Groundwater problems in the United States. Groundwater overdrafts: High Moderate Significant groundwater contamination Insignificant Saltwater intrusion from nearby seas Fig. 47-13, p. 849

The Carbon Cycle (C) Combustion Photosynthesis Uptake by Biomass Respiration Decomposition Fossil fuels Deforestation Greenhouse gases Sediments

Increasing Greenhouse Gases

Deviation from mean global temperature over time Figure 47.18 Recorded changes in the global mean temperature over land and sea between 1880 and 2005, given as degrees above or below average temperature during 1960–1990.

The Nitrogen Cycle (N) Atmospheric Nitrogen Lightning Nitrifying algae Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Uptake by biomass Synthesis of amino acids Fertilizers Runoff Algae blooms Denitrifying bacteria Decomposition

Disruptions by Human Activities Deforestation and conversion of grassland to farmland causes nitrogen loss Plant removal increases erosion and leaching Synthetic ammonium fertilizers increase soil acidity and encourage ion exchange Calcium and magnesium ions are washed away Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen oxides Contribute to global warming and acid rain

The Phosphorus Cycle (P) Uplifting of rocks Weathering of rocks Fertilizer Runoff Algae blooms Uptake by biomass Used for DNA Decomposition Sedimentary rocks Limiting nutrient

Your Assignment: With your table groups, make a representation of the steps of your assigned biogeochemical cycle to share on Thursday Include ALL VOCABULARY words from the notes Use a book, the internet and other sources to find out more about your cycle and the vocab Ideas: Make art drawings or models Compose a children’s story or a mystery novel Write a news report Design a play or song to share Invent a video game or board game Film a music video, commercial or movie trailer