Protein Synthesis

DNA Review Th nucleotide bases will point to the inside of the DNA molecule while the outside (backbone) of the DNA molecule will be made of the sugar and phosphate molecules DNA makes up genes, many genes lie on each chromosome

Protein Synthesis

Why is it important? Cells are controlled by proteins Almost every substance made by the cell is or contains a structural protein

Vocabulary Gene- a portion of DNA that codes for a protein- the “recipe” for a protein mRNA- messenger RNA- sends the DNA message tRNA- transfer RNA- transfers amino acids Codon- mRNA’s complementary trio of bases Anticodon- tRNA’s complementary trio of bases Transcription- mRNA making a template of DNA’s code Translation- tRNA “reading” mRNA’s code and transferring the amino acids in a particular sequence necessary to form the protein

Two Steps to Protein Synthesis Transcription- takes place in the nucleus-mRNA makes template of DNA’s code Translation- takes place on the ribosome in the cytoplasm- tRNA transfers amino acids into sequence

Things to Remember DNA contains the “recipes” for proteins- called genes DNA is made of the bases adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine A-T and C-G RNA is made of the bases adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine A-U and C-G

Transcription Takes place in the nucleus DNA unzips mRNA makes a template of the DNA code 3 bases of the mRNA code make a codon

Transcription- mRNA forms codons

Translation- on the ribosome, tRNA transfers amino acids

tRNA has 2 parts that allow it to transfer an AA Anticodon pairs complementary to mRNA codon Amino Acid attached to other side of tRNA

ATG&C can combine in 64 different triplicate (codon) combinations Each codon codes for a specific amino acid Each amino acid is “transferred” to the growing AA chain by a tRNA molecule

Codon Chart

Another Codon Chart

Peptide bonds hold amino acids together in a polypeptide chain

Protein Structure

Primary Structure The sequence of amino acids within the polypeptide

Secondary Structure The interactions that AA’s close by each other have 2 shapes that can form are: Helix Sheets

Tertiary Structure When the helices and sheets, as well as the rest of the protein folds due to the characteristics of each amino acid in the chain

Quaternary Structure Some proteins are made of several polypeptide units When multiple polypeptides come together to form a functioning protein

A Few of The Finished Products! Proteins