Unit VIID AP United States History World War I Unit VIID AP United States History

Fundamental Question To what extent was the American public supportive of increased foreign involvement?

Great War in Europe (1914-1919) Archduke and wife of Austria-Hungary assassinated by Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 Alliances and ultimatums dragged Europe into a destructive conflict

The Path to War American Neutrality German U-Boats Isolationists Mostly pro-Allies policies and public opinion German U-Boats Lusitania sunk on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans Sussex Pledge Sussex in March 1916 Wilson threatened sanctions and Germany promised to abide by freedom of the seas German unrestricted submarine warfare Russian Revolution (1917) Zimmermann Telegram (1917) German request for Mexico alliance in return for lost land by U.S. United States declares war on April 6, 1917

American Domestic War Effort War Agencies War Industries Board Mass production, standardization, price and supply controls National War Labor Board Representatives from labor and business arbitrated labor disputes to prevent disruptions Food Administration Committee on Public Information War propaganda agency Liberty Bonds Financial support for American war effort Portrayed as an act of patriotic duty

American Propaganda

American Domestic Insecurity Espionage Act of 1917 Prohibition of: Interfere in military operations Interfere in military recruitment Support of U.S. enemies Promote insubordination Schenk v. United States (1919) “Clear and present danger” Sedition Act of 1918 In times of war: Prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, abusive language against U.S. government, military, and flag

Americans Over There Selective Service Act of 1917 Conscription of 21-31 18-45 by 1918 American Expeditionary Force (AEF) Inspired to preserve democracy and defend American honor General John J. Pershing War Events Spring Offensive (1918) Hundred Days Offensive (1918) Armistice (11/11/1918) German capitulation Casualties 117,000 Americans 1 million British, 1.6 million French, 3.3. million Russian, 2.4 million German, 2.9 million Ottoman, 1.5 million Austrian-Hungarian

Wilson and Peace Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles “peace without victory” Self-determination League of Nations Treaty of Versailles German guilt, reparations Wilson and Senate Treaty Ratification Senate Opposition Irreconcilables Strongly opposed the Treaty of Versailles Reservationists Henry Cabot Lodge Amendments to Treaty to limit American involvement Wilson’s Public Campaign Wilson debilitated by a stroke from exhaustion Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

Postwar America Labor Unions and Strikes Union Membership AFL supported WWI AFL reached 4 million by 1920 IWW opposed WWI Lost membership Strikes of 1919 Seattle General Strike Boston Police Strike Steel Strike Coal Strike Anti-union sentiment increases Association with radicals

Postwar America Race Riots Red Summer of 1919 Three dozen cities experienced race riots Economic competition and First Red Scare Chicago (July-August) Blacks react to stoning of young man Omaha (September) Brutal lynching of William Brown

Postwar America First Red Scare Causes War Propaganda Russian Revolution Strikes and Riots Targets Anarchists, Bolsheviks, Socialists, Communists, Wobblies 1919 Bombings Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer Palmer Raids Deportations