Urban Patterns

Urban Models (Traditional)

Where Are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas? Models of urban structure Are used to explain where people/services are distributed within metropolitan areas In each, CBD has varying level of importance Three original models, all developed in one city Chicago Concentric zone model Sector model Multiple nuclei model

Concentric Zone Model

Bid-rent Theory

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923) CBD (low residential density but ↗) Zone of transition (varying density) Industry, warehouses, poor quality housing, subdivided (filtered) mansions Immigrants (Invasion/Succession migration) Gentrification (increasing density) West Loop, River North, South Loop Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

Zone of Transition: Tenements

Zone of Transition: Filtering

Zone of Transition: Industry

Zone of Transition: Gentrification

Zone of Transition: Gentrification

Bid-rent Theory

Bid-rent Theory

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923) Zone of working class (independent workers’) homes highest traditional density dense, multi-family housing (apts., two-flats) Point of entry neighborhoods Invasion and succession “American dream” has been to get out! Today: gentrification is decr. density Multi-family converted to single family Public housing projects demolished Low-income/high crime areas suffer from out-migration, depopulation, abandoned homes Pilsen, Bucktown Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

Zone of Working Class Homes

Zone of Working Class Homes

Zone of Working Class Homes

Zone of Working Class Homes

Density Reduction in the Zone of Working Class Homes (3400N block of Hoyne, Roscoe Village)

Density Reduction in the Zone of Working Class Homes (3400N block of Hoyne, Roscoe Village)

Bid-rent Theory

Concentric Zone Model: Chicago

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923) Zone of middle class homes (zone of better residences) single family homes, small yards, garages Density is reduced from working class zone bungalow belt, inner suburbs Today: Incr. poverty (the Great Inversion) Gentrification pushes poor out from city center Density somewhat stable from prior periods Depends how wealthy/desirable the area is. people move in, people move out smaller families overall some depopulation in low-income areas But some TOD (transit oriented developments) being built apartments by elevated train lines Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

Zone of Middle Class Homes (Bungalow Belt)

Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

Bid-rent Theory

Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923) Commuters’ zone wealthy/upper middle-class, low density today’s suburbs: Today: increasing density, why? Suburbanization = more pop. in suburbs, empty areas filled in Industrial edge cities require industrial worker housing = more apartment complexes being built. Schaumburg, Aurora some suburbs are experiencing inner city problems pockets of low-income, crime, gangs New urbanism design stresses higher density housing in development near commuter hubs See video on website for what a “New Urbanism” community looks like Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model (1923)

Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

Decreasing Density from Middle Class to Commuter Zone

How are People and Activities Distributed within Urban Areas? Social area analysis (Rubenstein) Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities use census tracts (< size of zip codes) Functional zonation (de Blij) Criticism of the models Models may be too simplistic Some models may be outdated

Density Changes under the Concentric Zone Model (this is posted in a much more readable version on my website)

Concentric Zone Model: Chicago

Sector Model Figure 13-5

Hoyt’s Sector Model (1939) Sectors not rings develop still focused on CBD certain sectors are either more or less attractive to certain groups and activities (amenity/disamenity) pattern builds on itself Therefore: sectors radiate from center to edge of city Industry follows transportation routes (canals/rivers, RRs) Linked through economic necessity Lower class housing gravitates towards industry (for jobs, wealthy avoid the pollution of industries) upper class residential gravitates towards desirable “amenities” Something extra/“a good thing” Parks, recreation, beauty, rapid transit, commuter lines, waterfront

Industrial Corridor Chicago

Industrial Corridor 2

Upper-class Housing

Industry follows transportation

Working class housing follows industry

Working class housing follows industry

Working class housing follows industry

Upper-class housing follows amenities

Upper-class housing follows amenities

Multiple Nuclei Model

Harris/Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) more than one center around which activities develop airports, universities, heavy industry creates decentralized model certain land use activities are compatible or incompatible together. transportation ↔ industry industry ↔ lower income housing airports ↔ warehouses (break-bulk points) heavy Industry ≠ high class housing high class housing → amenities similar ideas as Sector model but: decentralized, CBD ↓ influence

O’Hare is a nuclei of economic activity separate from the CBD

Rosemont

University of Chicago – Hyde Park

Southeast Side/Lake Calumet Heavy Industry (Steel)

Evanston vs. East Chicago Fits with both Sector and Multiple Nuclei models but NOT concentric zone.