4-2 Present perfect with since and for CONTENTS Review 4-1 Past participle 4-2 Present perfect with since and for 4-3 Negatives, questions, and short answer forms 4-4 Present perfect with unspecified time 4-5 Simple past vs. present perfect 4-6 Present perfect progressive 4-7 Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect 4-8 Past perfect

Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max. Review and Preview PRESENT AND PAST VERBS take be give find love be Jenna _____ her dog. His name __ Max. Jenna’s grandfather ____ Max to her. Her grandfather _____ him at an animal shelter. Jenna _____ very good care her dog. He __ a great dog. loves is gave found takes is

She has forgotten his name. 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE She has forgotten his name.

past perfect tense present perfect tense 4-1 PAST PARTICIPLE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE finish stop wait finished stopped waited finished stopped waited REGULAR VERBS see make put saw made put seen made put IRREGULAR VERBS past perfect tense present perfect tense

stopped stop stopped go went gone take took write wrote taken written 4-1 LET’S PRACTICE SIMPLE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE stopped stop go take write stopped went took wrote gone taken written

I have been here since 6:00 AM. 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR I have been here since 6:00 AM. 6

(a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m. 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR (a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m. (b) I have played the violin for six years. since for present perfect + past present 7

x x x (a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.. 6:00 now 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR (a) I’ve been here since 6:00 a.m.. now 6:00 x x x 8

(c) I have You have She, He, It has We have They have 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR (c) I have You have She, He, It has We have They have been here for a week. STATEMENT: have / has + past participle 9

since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2010. 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR since noon. since Wednesday. since April. since 2010. since May 9, 2011. since yesterday. since last week. (d) I have worked here Since Specific point in time (hour, day, month, etc.) 10

(e) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR (e) CORRECT: I have studied English since 2007. CORRECT: I have used a computer since 2007. (f) INCORRECT: I am studying English since 2007. (g) INCORRECT: I study English since 2007. (h) INCORRECT: I studied English since 2007. (i) INCORRECT: I was study English since 2007. 11

(j) We have been friends since I was fifteen. 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR SINCE MAIN CLAUSE (present perfect) SINCE-CLAUSE (simple past) (j) We have been friends since I was fifteen. (k) Jim has played many sports since he tried soccer. since + subject + simple present verb 12

FOR for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. 4-2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH SINCE AND FOR FOR for fifty minutes. for five hours. for ten days. for about six weeks. for almost two months. for many years. for a long time. (h) I have worked here For length of time 13

Mary has been playing the piano since ___________. she was six 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE 3 hours she was six Mary has been playing the piano since ___________. she was six Mary has been playing the piano for ___________. three hours 14

Alejandro has studied English since ________________. 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE he started school 15 years Alejandro has studied English since ________________. he started school Alejandro has studied English for __________________. fifteen years 15

My uncle has driven a taxi _____ 1982. since 4-2 LET’S PRACTICE for since My uncle has driven a taxi _____ 1982. since My uncle has driven a taxi ____ thirty years. for 16

Has he finished all his work? 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS Has he finished all his work? 17

(a) I have not (haven’t) gone home yet. 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS NEGATIVE: (a) I have not (haven’t) gone home yet. (b) Fatima has not (hasn’t) gone home. have/has + not + past participle Negative Contractions: have + not = haven’t has + not = hasn’t

(c) Have you read the report? 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS (c) Have you read the report?

(c) Have you read the report? 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS QUESTION: (c) Have you read the report? (d) Has Marcy gone home? (e) How long have you worked there? have/has + subject + past participle

(f) Have you ever been to Paris? 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS EVER and NEVER: (f) Have you ever been to Paris? No, I’ve never been to Paris. Ever = in your entire lifetime Never use for negative responses 21

No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages. 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS (g) No, I haven’t. I have only read a few pages. Have you read all of this article? SHORT ANSWER: have / haven’t

Has Kyung finished her homework? 4-3 NEGATIVE, QUESTION, AND SHORT-ANSWER FORMS (h) Has Kyung finished her homework? Yes, she has. She did it after school. SHORT ANSWER: has / hasn’t

___________________ a snake? Have you ever touched 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT you touch ever ___________________ a snake? Have you ever touched

No, ________________ I’ve never touched a snake. PRESENT PERFECT touch 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT touch never No, ________________ I’ve never touched a snake.

_________________ a shark? 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT Justin see ever Has Justin ever seen _________________ a shark?

Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa. 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT Yes, he ___. He saw one near Cape Town, has South Africa.

Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME Tyler has taken his first steps. Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet.

(a) Micah has just gotten his first job. 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME (a) Micah has just gotten his first job. (b) Leah has recently visited Singapore. The activity occurred before now or sometime in the past.

(a) Micah has just gotten his first job. 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME (a) Micah has just gotten his first job. (b) Janelle has recently visited Singapore. now before now X X time?

(c) Mary has painted portraits many times. 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME (c) Mary has painted portraits many times. (d) Her students have painted portraits twice. activity repeated before now, unspecified past times

(c) Mary has painted portraits many times. 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME (c) Mary has painted portraits many times. (d) Her students have painted portraits twice. now before now X X X X

(e) Tyler has already taken his first steps. OR 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME ALREADY: (e) Tyler has already taken his first steps. OR Tyler has taken his first steps already. Use already in affirmative statements 33

(f) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME YET: (f) Zoe hasn’t walked by herself yet. Use yet in negative statements 34

(g) Has she already seen the movie? 4-4 PRESENT PERFECT WITH UNSPECIFIED TIME ALREADY and YET: (g) Has she already seen the movie? Has she seen the movie already? Has she seen the movie yet? Both ok in questions. 35

Kyung __________________the test. has already taken 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE take, already Kyung __________________the test. has already taken

I ______________ _______ 8 AM. since ‘ve been studying 4-3 LET’S PRACTICE since OR for study I ______________ _______ 8 AM. since ‘ve been studying

Rosa ___________ to Italy three times. has been 4-4 LET’S PRACTICE be Rosa ___________ to Italy three times. has been

I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT I had an angel fish when I was a child. I have had many other fish since then.

(a) They completed the game at 4:00. 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (a) They completed the game at 4:00. specific time PRESENT PERFECT (b) They have already completed the game. unspecified time

(c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old. 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (c) I was in Nigeria when I was five years old. specific time PRESENT PERFECT (d) I have been to Nigeria three times. unspecified time

(e) Jack camped in France for 9 days. 4-5 SIMPLE PAST vs. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PAST (e) Jack camped in France for 9 days. for activity began & ended in past PRESENT PERFECT (f) Eli has been camping since last Monday. (f) Eli has been camping for 9 days. for / since activity began & continues

? We have been to Tokyo many times. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE ? SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME We have been to Tokyo many times. PRESENT PERFECT UNSPECIFIED

? Barry has never been to Tokyo. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME PRESENT 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE ? SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME Barry has never been to Tokyo. PRESENT PERFECT UNSPECIFIED

? Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME 4-5 LET’S PRACTICE ? SPECIFIED OR UNSPECIFIED TIME Gina went to Tokyo last month. SPECIFIED SIMPLE PAST

4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Dee has been working for ten hours.

(a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (a) Dee has been working since 6 o’clock. (b) She has been working for ten hours. STATEMENT: have/has + been + -ing

(c) How long has she been working? 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (c) How long has she been working? QUESTION FORM: have/has + subject + been + -ing

duration of time not mentioned 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (d) Mary is playing the piano right now. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE in progress right now duration of time not mentioned Mary has been playing the piano right now.

(e) Mary has been playing since noon. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (e) Mary has been playing since noon. (f) Mary has been playing for an hour. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE began in past in progress right now time expressed Mary is playing the piano since noon.

(g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy. 4-6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (g) CORRECT: It belongs to Amy. (h) INCORRECT: It is belonging to Amy. (i) CORRECT: She has owned it for one month. (j) INCORRECT: She has been owning it for one month. non-action verbs progressive tenses

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE use My sister _________ the phone. is using She _____________ it for three hours. I need to make a call. has been using

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE dance Her parents __________. They ________________ together for over thirty years. are dancing have been dancing

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-6 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE OR PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE go Where are you _______for the summer holiday? I am ______ to the beach. I ______________ to the beach going going have been going every summer since I was a child.

Mike, Bob, and Lee are hiking. They have been hiking for several days. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT Mike, Bob, and Lee are hiking. They have been hiking for several days.

(a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (a) My cousin is hiking with his friends. They have been hiking for several days. duration of present activities, action verbs PRESENT PERFECT (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. repeated activities unspecified times in the past

(b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (b) My cousin has hiked many mountains. (c) INCORRECT: My cousin has been hiking many mountains.

(d) The guys have known each other for ten years. 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (d) The guys have known each other for ten years. (e) INCORRECT: The guys have been knowing each other for ten years. duration of present activities, non-action verbs

(f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (f) I have been studying medicine for one year. OR (g) I have studied medicine for one year. same meaning

(h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (h) Rolf has been running every day since he was a child. OR Rolf has run every day since he was a child. usual, habitual activities either tense okay

(i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR 4-7 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE vs. PRESENT PERFECT (i) I’ve been studying Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. OR I’ve studied Spanish ever since I visited Mexico. usual, habitual activities either tense okay

How long ___ your family ______ here? 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT live How long ___ your family ______ here? We __________ here for ten years. has lived have lived

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4-7 LET’S PRACTICE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE live How long ___ your family _________ here? We _____________ here for ten years. has been living have been living

When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. 4-8 PAST PERFECT When they arrived at the store, it had already closed.

(a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. 4-8 PAST PERFECT (a) When they arrived at the store, it had already closed. two events in the past 1st event - Past Perfect 2nd event – Simple Past

(b) The store had already closed when they arrived. 4-8 PAST PERFECT (b) The store had already closed when they arrived. FORM: had + past participle

I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d 4-8 PAST PERFECT (c) It’d closed. She’d gone home. He’d gone home. They’d gone home. We’d gone home. You’d gone home. CONTRACTION: I / you / she / he / it / we / they + ’d

= Andrea had finished dinner before Kris got home. 4-8 PAST PERFECT Andrea had finished dinner before Kris got home. (e) Andrea finished dinner before Kris got home. (f) Kris had gotten home after Andrea finished dinner. (g) Kris got home after Andrea finished dinner. before and after Perfect tense not necessary Clear time relationship =

I had already gone to bed when it started snowing. 4-8 PAST PERFECT I had already gone to bed when it started snowing. a. it started snowing ____ b. I went to bed ____ 2nd 1st 2nd 1st

I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed. 4-8 PAST PERFECT I tried to go shopping, but the store had closed. 1st 2nd a. store closed ____ b. tried to go shopping ____ 1st 2nd

A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday. 4-8 PAST PERFECT A friend called to suggest a good movie. She had seen it last Friday. 1st 2nd a. the friend saw the movie ____ b. the friend called ____ 1st 2nd

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