Introduction to Chemistry

- the composition (make-up) of matter Chemistry The study of: - the composition (make-up) of matter - the changes that matter undergoes

Chemistry deals with questions of such as: What is that material made of? What is its makeup and internal arrangement? How does it behave and change when heated, cooled, or mixed with other materials and why does this occur?

Anything that has mass and occupies space (volume). What is matter? Anything that has mass and occupies space (volume).

Mass vs. Weight Mass: a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains. (SI unit kilogram, kg) Weight: The force with which the earth pulls on an object. (SI unit Newton, N)

The 5 Branches of Chemistry Inorganic Organic Analytical Physical Biochemistry

Inorganic Chemistry The study of compounds that are made of only one or no carbon elements. Most of what is not alive falls under this category

The study of chemicals that contain carbon. Organic Chemistry The study of chemicals that contain carbon. Petroleum Almost all medicine Food Origin: study of chemicals in living organisms.

Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Methane CH4 Hydrochloric Acid HCl Ethane C2H6 Organic or Inorganic ? Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 Methane CH4 Hydrochloric Acid HCl Ethane C2H6

Analytical Chemistry Chemistry that detects & identifies if a substance is present in a sample (qualitative analysis) and how much is there (quantitative analysis). - Determine if a white powder is cocaine or just sugar. The analytical chemist would take a sample of scat and calculate if the animal was drinking clean or polluted water based on the levels of pollution chemicals in the feces. This chemist would also tell you the quantities of everything that is in the scat. Ex: Mass Spectrometer Gas Chromatograph

The energy transfer that happens when matter undergoes change. Physical Chemistry The study of : The mechanism The rate The energy transfer that happens when matter undergoes change. The physical chemist might take the results that the organic chemist found and get more information about the degraded food. The physical chemist would not touch the scat!

Study of chemical processes that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry Study of chemical processes that take place in living organisms. The study of digestion The study of bugs The study of cancer A biochemist would take a sample of scat and test it to see if the animal was infected with any kinds of worms or other intestinal parasites. This chemist would also tell you how well the animal was digesting his food.

There are three different types of scientific research: Basic Research Applied Research Technological Research (development) carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge. Example: How did the universe begin? What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composed of? What is the specific genetic code of the fruit fly? -Ex. Discovery of -Penicillin - The microwave carried out to solve a practical problem of the modern world, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's sake. For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to: • improve agricultural crop production • treat or cure a specific disease • improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modes of transportation. It involves the production and use of products that improve our quality of life. - Ex. computer, catalytic converter, biodegradable materials