Aim #56: What were the goals of the Progressives? Do now! Read the scenarios and answer the accompanying questions 2. Be ready to explain your answer to question #3 on last night’s hw Actually, this never happened, but he was the 1st president to drive a car and ride in a plane! This DID actually happen! Who the Hull is this?

(I) What was the Progressive movement? Social, political and economic reform movement of the early 1900s based on the idea that government could be a tool for fixing society Problems that progressives wanted to reform included: Problems of factory workers Child labor Women’s inability to vote (suffrage) Corruption in politics (political machines) Corruption in business practices (monopolies/trusts) Segregation in the South (Jim Crow laws) SYNTHESIS TIME: can compare to other reform periods such as the Age of Jackson, Populists and the New Deal! c. Extended to national level under three presidents 1. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) 2. William Howard Taft (1909-1913) 3. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)

(II) How did muckrakers help the Progressive movement? Journalists who wrote in-depth investigative stories that exposed problems of urban society (Teddy Roosevelt coined the term) 1. Ida Tarbell published her History of the Standard Oil Company in publication 2. Lincoln Steffens: corruption of urban politics in Shame of the Cities 3. Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives (photojournalist) 4. Frank Norris: The Octopus (railroad corruption)

Direct primaries: nomination of candidates by popular vote III. What types of voting reforms did the progressive movement achieve? Direct primaries: nomination of candidates by popular vote Robert LaFollette: Progressive governor of Wisconsin introduced state law that created a direct primary system b. Reforms designed to increase the control of “the people” over the government: (see homework from 2/23) Initiative Referendum Recall c. 17th Amendment (1913): required all US Senators be elected by popular vote

Recalls allow citizens to vote to remove an elected official

IV. Role of Women in the Progressive Movement Broke down the idea of “separate spheres” (against idea of Republican Motherhood)) Fought for laws banning child labor (National Child Labor Committee) Advocated for the rights of women in the work place (National Consumers’ League) Muller v. Oregon(1908): court ruled that laws protecting women workers and restricting women to 10 hour work days were constitutional 2. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) led to death of 146 workers

d. Role of women- continued National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA): headed by Carrie Chapman Catt; worked to win women’s suffrage at state level; pushed for a constitutional amendment National Women’s Party: more militant; mass protests hunger strikes; led by Alice Paul 3. 19th Amendment (1920): guaranteed women’s right to vote in elections at all levels of government

Governments at all levels ignored AA problems V. Why did African American leaders work outside the Progressive movement? Governments at all levels ignored AA problems (1896) Plessy v. Ferguson: separate but equal established legal segregation based on race Booker T. Washington Blacks’ need for education and economic progress were more important than equality and civil rights Tuskegee Institute: taught industrial skills and trades d. W.E.B. DuBois Argued that economic equality would never be achieved without political and social equality Demanded immediate equal rights

e. the “Great Migration” Jobs in the cities (especially during World War I) Deteriorating race relations f. Types of civil rights organizations Niagara Movement (Du Bois) NAACP National Urban League: aimed to help blacks who migrated to cities

VI. How was Teddy Roosevelt a Progressive President? Believed president should take a more active role in economics, society and politics Thought president should set legislative agenda for Congress Proposed a series of reforms known as the Square Deal (3 c’s) Control of corporations Consumer protection Conservation of the environment and its natural resources c. Coal strike of 1902 TR attempted to mediate labor dispute Owners won’t compromise, TR threatens to use federal troops to take over mines Note: this is a difference than during the Gilded Age when most presidents were on side of corporations

1st president to enforce Sherman Anti-trust Act d. Trust Busting 1st president to enforce Sherman Anti-trust Act (1904) Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s use of act to break up a railroad monopoly (Northern Securities Company) 3. Made a distinction between “good” trusts (those that dominated the market through efficiency and low prices) and “bad” trusts (those that harmed consumers by raising prices and stifling competition)

e. Railroad regulation Convinced Congress to pass 2 laws that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Elkins Act Hepburn Act f. Consumer protection “The Jungle” motivated Roosevelt and Congress to enact 2 laws

The Reclamation Service placed natural resources (oil, trees, coal) under federal protection Conservation v. preservation Conservation: use land responsibly Preservation (John Muir): leave nature alone!

Theodore Roosevelt began the first national environmental conservation program The government protected 195 million acres of land as national parks or forests

VII. How was Taft as Progressive President? TR didn’t run for 3rd term (hand picked Taft) Taft ordered the prosecution of almost twice as many antitrust cases as Roosevelt Mann-Elkins Act : Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) power to regulate railroads, telephones and telegraphs d. Created the Children’s Bureau: federal agency that investigated child labor issues e. During Taft’s presidency, Republican party divided: (pg. 440 in AMSCO) Over tariffs (Payne-Aldrich tariff) Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy (Taft fired the Chief of the Forest Service Gifford Pinchot after he criticized Secretary of the Interior Ballinger for opening up land in Alaska for private development)

The election of 1912 was a three way race William Howard Taft can on the Republican ticket Democrats ran New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson TR ran as a Progressive Bull Moose

1912 Election

Now…that’s one tough president, gets shot and goes ahead and delivers speech anyway.

Rupture in Progressive Republicans

VIII. Wilson’s “New Freedom” and Progressivism Tariff reform: Underwood tariff: 1st significant tariff reduction 1. Lowered taxes on imported goods Banking reform: created the Federal Reserve System c. Business regulation Clayton Antitrust Act (1914): strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act Federal Trade Commission: regulatory agency power to investigate “unfair trade practices” Child Labor Act

President Woodrow Wilson oversaw a great wave of progressive reforms 16th Amendment created the first national income tax 17th Amendment allowed for the direct-election of U.S. Senators 18th Amendment outlawed alcohol (prohibition) 19th Amendment granted women’s suffrage “Progressive Amendments”

For the first time, the government began regulating big business The Progressive Era (1890-1920) brought major changes to the United States For the first time, the government began regulating big business Working and living conditions improved Women’s suffrage and new state ballot reforms increased democracy for the people But, America’s involvement in World War I brought an end to the Progressive Era