Problem Solving A Major Category of Human Cognition

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Presentation transcript:

Education 173 Cognition and Learning in Educational Settings Problem Solving Fall Quarter 2007

Problem Solving A Major Category of Human Cognition What is Problem Solving? The pursuit of a goal when the path to that goal is uncertain Distinct from Algorithmic Performance No rule or recipe to guarantee success Tying shoelaces is not problem solving Or is it?

Heuristics Can Help Heuristics Polya’s Heuristics for Are “rules of thumb” Not algorithms Because success is not guaranteed Polya’s Heuristics for Mathematical Problem Solving Think of a related problem Try to solve part of problem Draw a picture

Heuristic Search Search Through Problem Space Beginning state What’s the situation? Westley: What are our assets?” Ending state What are we trying to accomplish? Legal moves What’s permitted? Metaphor: Navigating a Maze

General and Domain-Specific Heuristics General Heuristics Hill climbing Working backward Means-ends analysis Working forward (experts) Subgoaling is a common feature Domain-Specific Heuristics Math: Polya’s heuristics Writing: Save words

Experts and Novices How Much Knowledge?: 50,000 Chunks How Much Time?: 10 Years But what about Mozart? Problem Solving Characteristics Working forward heuristic Deep structure vs. surface features More up-front time in problem representation When Would Experts Rely on General Heuristics?

Insight Sudden Solution of a Problem Stages of Insight Preparation Incubation Bed, bath, bus phenomenon Illumination “Aha” Verification Even Apes: Gestalt Theory Sultan on Tenerife

Implications of Problem Solving Problem Solving is Important to Human Purpose. Being successful in __________ . Some Problems Are Ill-Defined Where the ultimate goal and means are not clear. Problem Solving Involves Regulation of Emotion “I don’t know what I’m doing” And that’s okay Errors and Inefficiency Are they always bad? Are they compatible with the school culture?