Bio-Chemistry Basics Cells are complex chemical factories

What Makes Up Everything? Everything in you and around you is made up of Elements (atoms) Living things are made up (mostly) of CARBON, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN and PHOSPHOROUS Mostly, CHON

The Principle… Matter can not be created or destroyed Matter can only change forms So, how does the Oxygen we breathe in end up changing into Carbon Dioxide? How does the Carbon Dioxide we breathe out end up in the Glucose we need? Chemical Bonds Change…

Metabolic Reactions There are many different Metabolic Reactions that occur in your body Metabolism is the sum total (all) of the chemical reactions that go on in your body

Metabolic Reactions Cont’d Your body can join two sugars together by removing a water (H2O) molecule This is called Dehydration Synthesis (because you remove a molecule of water to BUILD a bond) This reaction can be reversed and the sugars separated by adding water (H2O) to break the bond This is called Hydrolysis (because you DESTROY a bond by adding water) “LYS” = Destroy!

Dehydration Synthesis of Sucrose Remove Water to Form a Bond!

Hydrolysis of Sucrose Water is added to break the bond!

Which is This?

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Occur ALL the Time in Your Body! Let’s review the vocabulary words: Metabolism All the chemical reactions that happen in an organism Dehydration (De: Remove Hydr: Water) So, remove water! Synthesis Build/create something more complex Hydrolysis (Hydr: Water Lys: Destroy) Use water to break/destroy something

Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis Occur ALL the Time in Your Body! Enzymes are responsible for ALL chemical reactions! They lower the “activation energy” of the reaction Enzymes help to build complex molecules As well as break them down “Digest” them!

We will learn more about this later… Metabolic Reactions In every cell, compounds are built up and broken down by enzymes Enzymes assist the process of making and breaking bonds Enzymes are catalysts which control the rate of specific chemical reactions Enzymes only work on one specific reaction The lock and key model We will learn more about this later…

SUGAR! Fructose and Ribose are 5-carbon rings Glucose is a 6-carbon ring Hint…. YOU NEED TO KNOW THESE SHAPES!!!! Carbs have a “geometric shape” at their center!

What else is in the cell? Other than water and organelles, what else is in the cell? Macromolecules Large, complex molecules Polymers The small subunits are called monomers Many monomers bonded together makes a polymer 1+1+1+1+1+1+1+…..=11111 Monomers (MONO=One) Polymer (POLY=Many)

Organic Vs. Inorganic Organic Molecules contain at least one Carbon atom and one Hydrogen atom together! Carbon + Hydrogen = Organic! Inorganic Molecules do not have both C + H together Inorganic molecules can have one or the other, but once Carbon and Hydrogen are together… the molecule is Organic! Is Water (H2O) organic or inorganic? _________ Carbon Dioxide (CO2)? __________ Glucose (C6H12O6)? __________

Four Basic Types of Complex Organic Molecules (aka Macromolecules) Carbohydrates (sugars and starches) Lipids (fats) Proteins Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

Carbohydrates Sugars and starches “Saccharides” “Carbohydrate” means a “hydrated carbon” Every carbon has a water attached Carbohydrate rings are made of 5 or 6 carbon sugars rings Glucose is a 6 carbon ring Carbs are used for energy production and for structure This is Glucose C6H12O6

Sugars (aka saccharides) Simple sugars, like glucose, are a single carbon ring Glucose is the organic food molecule used by ALL living things Inorganic molecules are converted to organic glucose through photosynthesis Glucose is used by EVERY organism to make ATP (the energy molecule) Ribose and Deoxyribose sugars are part of RNA and DNA They are 5 carbon sugars

Sugars Disaccharides are two simple sugars joined together Most of the sweet things we eat are disaccharides: table sugar is sucrose -> glucose joined to fructose (fructose is the sugar found in corn). Lactose, milk sugar, is a glucose joined to another simple sugar called galactose. Maltose, malt sugar, is what yeast converts to ethanol when beer is brewed. Notice anything about the “ending” of the names of sugars? They usually end with the letters _______

Complex Carbohydrates Are polysaccharides (many sugars linked together) Macromolecules Large molecules Animals store excess sugar as glycogen Plants store excess sugar as cellulose We don’t have enzymes that can digest cellulose Think about corn kernels!

Lipids Lipids are the main component of cell membranes 4 main types: Also used for energy storage 4 main types: fats (energy storage) phospholipids (cell membranes) waxes (waterproofing) steroids (hormones)

Fats Triglycerides are the main type of fat in our bodies A triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol Kinda looks like the letter “E”

Phospholipids Phospholipids make up cell membranes Made of a Phosphate group, Glycerol and 2 fatty acids

Steroids and Waxes (Examples of Lipids) Steroids are hydrocarbons with the carbon atoms arranged in a set of 4 linked rings. Cholesterol is found naturally in cell membranes. But, too much of it in the blood can clog blood vessels. Steroid hormones are made from cholesterol. Waxes: waterproof coating on plants and animals. Where do WE have wax?

Proteins The most important type of macromolecule! Structure: collagen in skin, keratin in hair, crystallin in eyes Protein makes you – YOU! Enzymes: all metabolic reactions -- building up, rearranging, and breaking down organic compounds -- are done by enzymes

Amino Acids Amino Acids are the subunits (monomers) of proteins. Proteins are long chains of amino acids There are 20 different kinds of amino acids. Each one has a different head (the “R group”) attached to it What’s it look like???

Protein Structure A protein is sometimes called a polypeptide Special “Peptide Bonds” hold the amino acids together in the chain After the ribosome makes the polypeptide, they fold into a shape which allows them to be work correctly The proper shape is super important for proteins Denaturation destroys the shape of the protein Denaturation is caused by pH and/or temperature What happened inside of Frank from Osmosis Jones?

Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids store genetic information in the cell Two types of nucleic acid: RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Each “nucleotide” has 3 parts: a sugar, a phosphate, and a base. Nucleotides are the subunits (monomers) of nucleic acids What’s it look like??

DNA and RNA DNA uses 4 different bases: -adenine (A) ALL -thymine (T) THUGS -cytosine (C) CARRY -guanine (G) GUNS RNA consists of 4 bases also, but, the thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA: -adenine (A) ALL -uracil (U) UNDERACHIEVERS -cytosine (C) CAN’T -guanine (G) GRADUATE

DNA The order of the 4 bases in a chain of DNA determines the genetic information. DNA has 2 complementary chains twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds. DNA is found in the nucleus of every cell. And every single cell in your body has the SAME DNA!

RNA RNA is a COPY of the DNA code RNA consists of a single chain (which can pass through the nuclear membrane to attach to a Ribosome) What does the Ribosome do????? MAKE PROTEIN! Why do you think RNA can pass through the nuclear membrane, but DNA can't?????