Macromolecules Moretz Biology, Ch. 2

Outline Introduction Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Carbon Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins Enzymes

Carbon FOUR valence electrons. Easily bonds with other elements & other carbon atoms. VERY long carbon chains. Rings of carbon atoms.

Macromolecules “giant molecules” Needed for life’s processes. Contain many chains or rings of carbon atoms.

Polymerization Polymerization- forms macromolecules. Small monomers form larger polymers.

Macromolecules 4 types: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids http://www.montereyinstitute.org/courses/AP Biology I/course files/multimedia/lesson06/lessonp.html?showTopic=1

Carbohydrate Elements: C, H, and O (1:2:1). Subunit = saccharide Single sugar = monosaccharide Macromolecule = polysaccharide Functions: Energy source. Structure.

Carbohydrate Monosaccharde (simple sugar) Breakdown of sugar supplies immediate energy.

Carbohydrate Polysaccharide (complex sugar) Made up of simple sugars. Ex. Starch, cellulose, glycogin

Carbohydrate Starch Complex sugars in plants Stored energy. Ex. Bulbs, roots

Carbohydrate Glycogen Complex sugars in the liver of mammals. Stored energy.

Carbohydrate Cellulose Tough, flexible. Polysaccharide Found in cell walls of plants. Gives plants strength and rigidity.

Lipids Elements: C, H, and O. Subunit: glycerol “backbone.” fatty acid “tail.” glycerol fatty acid

Lipids Triglyceride = 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol backbone

Lipids 2 types: Saturated Unsaturated Carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are connected by single bonds. Solid at room temperature. Unsaturated Carbon atoms in fatty acid chain are connected by at least one double bond. Liquid at room temperature.

Lipid

Lipids Ex. Unsaturated fat because there is 1 double bond in the fatty acid chain.

Lipid Polyunsaturated – More than one carbon-carbon double bond in fatty acid chain.

Lipids Functions: Nonpolar (NOT water soluble) Energy storage. Part of membranes (e.g., cell). Waterproofing. Chemical messenger. Nonpolar (NOT water soluble)

Nucleic Acids Elements: C, H, O, P, N Subunit: Nucleotide 5 carbon sugar Phosphate group Nitrogen base Function: Store and transmit genetic information (i.e., heredity)

Nucleic Acid Two types: 1. DNA 2. RNA

Proteins Elements: C, H, O, N Subunit: Amino acid Amine group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH) Carboxyl

Proteins There are 20+ amino acids, each with a different side chain (R-group). Amine Carboxyl R-group

Protein Ex. Amino acid

Proteins Amino acids bond together to form a polypeptide. Amino acids are bonded by a peptide bond

Proteins

Proteins Functions: Control the rate of reactions. Regulate cell processes. Form bones and muscles. Transport substances in & out of the cell. Fight disease.

Reaction Rate Many chemical reactions require energy to occur. Activation energy - Energy needed to get a chemical reaction started. http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch111/olsg-ch111/equilibkinetics/animactnrg.gif

Activation Energy Energy required for the reaction to take place.

Catalyst Catalyst Substance that speeds up the chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalysts. Speed up chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes are specific (only catalyze one chemical reaction)

Enzyme Action Enzyme has a specific active site.

Enzyme Action Substrate (reactant) binds to enzyme’s active site. Substrate is changed into the product. Product is released from the enzyme. Enzyme is available to bind with another substrate.

Enzyme Action

Enzymes Factors affecting enzymes: Temperature pH Amount of enzyme Amount of substrate