المساءلة في التعليم احترام التزاماتنا

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المساءلة في التعليم احترام التزاماتنا 2017/8 التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم المساءلة في التعليم احترام التزاماتنا #CountOnMe @GEMReport

التعليم ما قبل الابتدائي إلزامياً ملايين الدولارات لا تصل إلى قاعات الصف 4/5 من المدارس الابتدائية في أفريقيا جنوب الصحراء لا تصلها إمدادات الكهرباء 100 مليون شاب لا يجيدون القراءة 1 من 7 معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية لم يتلقَ أي تدريب المساءلة مهمة للمساعدة في حل مشاكل التعليم أقل من نصف الأطفال يتمتعون بمهارات القراءة 4 من 5 دول لم تجعل التعليم ما قبل الابتدائي إلزامياً الملايين يتلقون التعليم في لغة لا يفهمونها المساعدات المالية المخصصة للتعليم تراوح مكانها منذ العام 2000

كيف تتم حالياً مساءلة كل الفاعلين في مجال التعليم هدف التنمية المستدامة 4 التعليم الجيد المنصف كيف تتم حالياً مساءلة كل الفاعلين في مجال التعليم الحكومات المعلمون المدارس What is accountabilility? Accountability is when المنظمات الدولية الأهل التلاميذ القطاع الخاص

المساءلة تساعد في إظهار من المسؤول عن أي عمل وكيف يمكن إصلاح المشاكل التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم المساءلة تساعد في إظهار من المسؤول عن أي عمل وكيف يمكن إصلاح المشاكل بعض الحقائق الرئيسية: Accountability in education starts with governments, which bear the primary duty to ensure the right to education. Every country in the world has ratified at least one international treaty illustrating its commitment to the right to education. However, in only 55% of countries is the right to education justiciable, meaning that there are laws allowing citizens to legally challenge failures in the education system. Civil society organizations and the international community should lobby for the right to education, including for making the right justiciable in national legal frameworks. Of course, laws are only powerful if they are implemented. Effective accountability requires governments to build stronger systems to enforce the laws. This report therefore lays out the following recommendations to help governments – but also other actors with a stake in education – to design and implement robust accountability systems. لا تجوز محاسبة الأشخاص على مخرجات تتخطى الأمور التي يتحكمون بها تعتمد مخرجات التعليم الطموحة على تولي عدة فاعلين مسؤوليات مشتركة قد تكون آليات المساءلة فعالة في سياقات معيّنة ومعيقة في أخرى المسؤوليات مشتركة على عكس المساءلة

قد تساعد المساءلة الواضحة في تحقيق التزاماتنا التربوية التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم قد تساعد المساءلة الواضحة في تحقيق التزاماتنا التربوية ... غير أن المساءلة وسيلة لتحقيق هدف التنمية المستدامة الرابع وليست غاية بحد ذاتها

المساءلة تبدأ بالحكومات التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم غالباَ ما لا يكون للحق في التعليم أي معنى عند الممارسة المساءلة تبدأ بالحكومات يجب ألا يكون الحق في التعليم مكتوباً في القوانين وحسب بل يجب كذلك تطبيقه فعلياً Accountability in education starts with governments, which bear the primary duty to ensure the right to education. Every country in the world has ratified at least one international treaty illustrating its commitment to the right to education. However, in only 55% of countries is the right to education justiciable, meaning that there are laws allowing citizens to legally challenge failures in the education system. Civil society organizations and the international community should lobby for the right to education, including for making the right justiciable in national legal frameworks. Of course, laws are only powerful if they are implemented. Effective accountability requires governments to build stronger systems to enforce the laws. This report therefore lays out the following recommendations to help governments – but also other actors with a stake in education – to design and implement robust accountability systems. يستطيع المواطنون محاكمة الحكومات على انتهاكها الحق في التعليم في 55% من الدول فقط جرت محاكمة الحكومات في 41% من الدول

كيفية تصميم نظام مساءلة متين؟ التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم كيفية تصميم نظام مساءلة متين؟ على الحكومات ما يلي:

إنشاء فسحة للالتزام الجدي ببناء الثقة التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم توقفوا عن تبادل اللوم التعليم مسؤولية متشاركة إنشاء فسحة للالتزام الجدي ببناء الثقة تشجيع الحوار مع عدة أصحاب مصلحة وخاصة أولئك الذين ليسوا في الحكومة إشراك اللجان البرلمانية في مراجعة السياسات التربوية Governments must create the space for regular meaningful engagement with all education actors on policies and plans to build trust and a shared understanding over respective responsibilities They must Include teacher unions in policymaking More than 60% of unions reported never or rarely being consulted on curriculum development They must Involve specific education committees in the regular review of education policy In the United Kingdom, government policy changes were identical or similar to Committee recommendations on 20 occasions between 1997 and 2005.   أكثر من 60% من نقابات المعلمين لا تتم استشارتها إطلاقاً أو نادراً ما تتم استشارتها في تطوير مواد التدريس

تطوير خطط تربوية ذات مصداقية وموازنات شفافة التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم يصعب تحميل أي طرف المسؤولية إن لم تكن تعلم من المسؤول تطوير خطط تربوية ذات مصداقية وموازنات شفافة إعداد خطط تكون فيها حدود المسؤوليات واضحة فتح الموازنات أمام التمحص وتدقيق الإنفاق بشكل مستقل نشر تقارير رصد التعليم الوطنية بشكل منتظم Governments should develop credible education plans and transparent budgets with clear lines of responsibility and proper independent auditing mechanisms. Fundamentally, they cannot be held accountable if there is not clarity on what they are accountable for. especially important in decentralized systems, governments should Differentiate activities by actors in national and subnational education policies Decentralized systems such as Bangladesh, Ghana, Republic of Korea, and Viet Nam all had difficulty distinguishing responsibility between central, regional, or local authorities. Make budgets publically available with budget execution rates over 95%, and strong independent audits CSOs can support legislative review and inform policy debates. Citizens can help guide investigations of independent audit agencies. In Chile and the Republic of Korea citizens lodge complaints and suggestions online on areas needing the auditor’s attention. Governments should Produce a publicly available national monitoring report covering all levels of education, providing analysis of progress relative to the national education plan and budget, which help to track and share progress with the public Since 2010, 107 out of 209 countries made a national monitoring report available at least once. The Annual Report of the Ministry of Education in Saskatchewan province, Canada is an exemplar. The report analyzes progress against ministry goals and policy objectives, while exploring expenditure against the budget and investigating incongruities. 1 من 6 بلدان فقط نشرتقرير رصد التعليم الوطني بشكل سنوي منذ العام 2010

وضع التنظيمات/اللوائح والمعايير ورصدها وإنفاذها التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم وضع التنظيمات/اللوائح والمعايير ورصدها وإنفاذها جعل عمليات التسجيل/الاعتماد والمناقصة/التعاقد واضحة وشفافة تعميم الإنصاف والجودة في تنظيمات/لوائح التعليم Explicit and clear, equity focused regulations are in place that ensure non-discrimination based on student gender, background, and disability status, covering the range of private providers in education. The number of unregistered private schools is reduced. By 2021, it’s expected that one in four primary school age pupils in sub-Saharan Africa will be in private schools In Lagos, Nigeria 57% of students were enrolled in private schools in 2010/11, but only 26% of private schools were approved by the Ministry. Equity considerations need to be incorporated into public-private partnership contracts for services. These contracts need to be transparently available for public consumption and oversight. For private tutoring, the Hong Kong Education has an online list of registered tutoring centres, and prosecutes those un-registered. ما من تنظيمات/لوائح متعلقة بحجم قاعة الصف في نصف الدول تقريباً

البناء وليس إلقاء اللوم التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم إجراء الاختبارات ذات الدرجات العالية قد يدفع المعلمين إلى تعليم فقط التلاميذ الذين على الأرجح سيبلون حسناً البناء وليس إلقاء اللوم استخدام درجات اختبارات التلاميذ لتحسين التعليم وجودة التعليم وليس لمعاقبة أو مكافأة المعلمين والمدارس دعم المدارس التي تواجه مشاكل وعدم معاقبتها عبر تشجيع الأهل على نقل أولادهم إلى مدرسة أخرى What Student test scores should not be linked to performance-based pay for teachers or be used to sanction or reward schools especially when they are based on narrow performance measures. This can lead to multiple equity concerns including promoting an unhealthy competition based environment, teaching to the test, and neglecting weaker students. It can also make testing the central focus of schooling, rather than one objective among many Schools with punitive systems in the 2009 PISA were more likely to base admission practices on student achievement. Cheating has been associated with test-based sanctions for schools in multiple countries including Hungary and the United States. Avoid truancy laws for parents that rely solely on fines or jail time which is ineffective and disproportionately impacts low-income families. Put in place conditional cash transfers or other positive incentives to overcome the core obstacles of attendance. In England and Wales, increased imprisonment of parents between 2001 and 2011 had little effect. Mothers were more often prosecuted than fathers. Conditional cash transfers improved attendance in multiple countries including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Honduras, and 34 high income countries .   من بين 11 دولة مشاركة في PISA مع مساءلة قائمة على الاختبار، 5 دول شهدت بعض التحسن في التعلم من عام 2003 وحتى 2015، فيما سجلت 6 منها تراجعاً

السماح بوجود صوت ديمقراطي التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم السماح بوجود صوت ديمقراطي تشجيع عملية التمحص من قبل وسائل الإعلام الحرص على وجود واستقلالية مكاتب أمناء المظالم اعطونا الكهرباء أولاً غالباً ما تكون الوعود الانتخابية فارغة في أوغندا، تزيد فرص حصول مدرسة على التمويل إن كانت أقرب إلى موقع مؤسسة صحفية

كيفية تطبيق نظام مساءلة متين التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم كيفية تطبيق نظام مساءلة متين على الحكومات ما يلي:

توفير معلومات آنية وذات الصلة التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم التحلي بالشفافية: توفير معلومات آنية وذات الصلة الاستثمار في المعلومات التي تساعد على فهم النظام التربوي التأكد من أن الهدف من البيانات هو تحسين التعلم مع مراعاة تكاليف وأعباء البيانات بالنسبة إلى المعلمين والمدارس Invest in information that improves understanding of the education system’s strengths and weaknesses and is understandable for the audience. Given the massive amount of information, data collection systems in many countries are fragmented, with different agencies using different methods to collect data that are not comparable across agencies or over time. In Jordan, education data is used to analyse progress toward national objectives. Jordan has also worked to coordinate its data collection with Brazil 72% of parents in Kenya did not know what actions to take once they were provided with student learning data Additionally, additional information does not necessarily mean decisions are made based on inputs that promote school quality, as demonstrated by some parents making school choice decisions based on student demographics. Use Technology to collect data and help make information understandable while understanding that the use of it as a tool for monitoring can be contentious. Cameras, tablets and phones have been used to hold teachers accountable in countries such as China, India, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. BUT: Countries need to be judicious in their use of data, keeping in mind the costs of data collection and the burden on actors Even in a richer country such as the UK, 56% of teachers argued increased data collection created more unnecessary work. The cost of capacity needed to set up a robust system in low and middle income countries can be even more prohibitive. Additionally, the added reporting tasks that come with increased accountability can overburden principals and teachers.   72% من الأهل في كينيا لم يعرفوا ما عليهم فعله ببيانات تعلم التلاميذ

الالتزام: تمويل التعليم التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم الالتزام: تمويل التعليم تكريس أقله 4% من إجمالي الناتج المحلي على التعليم أو تخصيص 15% من إجمالي الإنفاق الحكومي له في برامج المساعدات المالية: تخصيص 0.7% من الدخل للمساعدات وأقله 10% منه للتعليم الحذر من التمويل المرتكز على النتائج Governments should keep to their commitments of spending at least 4% of GDP on education, or allocate 15% of total government expenditure and ensure its timely disbursement]. In 2015, at least 34 countries, both rich and poor, did not reach either of these benchmarks. Consistent financial commitments are especially important for teachers, whose salary make up the vast majority of expenditure in countries. Donors should keep to their aid commitments of 0.7% of GNI to aid with 10% of that allocated to education even if there are no accountability follow up mechanisms to hold them to account. Civil society should continue to campaign when they do not meet their commitments. Almost 50 years after the creation of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC)] Only 6 of the 28 countries meet the 0.7% target. Predictability of aid has decreased between 2010 and 2015 and aid is poorly targeted to countries with the greatest needs. In addition to the OECD’s long established peer review mechanism, pressure awareness raising by for NGOs and the media can pressure governments to meet their aid commitments. Donors should be careful of results-based financing mechanisms which often shifts the risk to countries that are least prepared to bear it Few evaluations of results-based financing programs have been made. Impact evaluations that have been made highlight the challenges attributing observed changes to results-based programmes, partly because most interventions target a range of results, complicating efforts to draw conclusions about the payment approach’s effect. Existing evidence suggests it damages providers’ intrinsic motivation and can undermine country ownership. Given the unpredictability of aid and the pressure for results, many providers fall back on trusted methods instead of attempting new or riskier approaches.   Donors should not fund private schools violating regulations or acting in contravention of nationally developed education goals. في العام 2015، لم تحترم دولة 1 من 4 دول عتبتي التمويل؛ تراجعت حصة المساعدات المالية المخصصة للتعليم لست سنوات على التوالي

إظهار الدعم: بناء القدرات التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم إظهار الدعم: بناء القدرات إنشاء مؤسسات قوية لكشف وردع الفساد في التعليم تدريب المعلمين ومقيّمي المدارس الاستثمار أكثر في الذين يمثلون البلد في المنظمات الدولية في الاتحاد الأوروبي، كانت خطورة وقوع حالات فساد في التعليم والتدريب أكبر منه في قطاع البناء

توجب علينا جميعاً تحسين التعليم لكن المساءلة لا تقتصر فقط على الحكومة يتولى لاعبون آخرون أدوار مهمة: تتم استشارتهم باستمرار في المكسيك حول السياسات مع الحكومة من خلال نقابتهم المعلمون أجبروا الحكومة على تجميد الأقساط المدرسية من خلال المظاهرات في شيلي وجنوب أفريقيا أجبروا على حذف إنكار التغير المناخي من الكتب المدرسية في الولايات المتحدة التلاميذ الأهل راقب تسليم الكتب المدرسية في الفيليبين وقلص الكلفة بالثلثين رفع دعوى ضد الحكومة في بوينس آيرس بسبب تعليم الطفولة المبكر المجتمع المدني توجب علينا جميعاً تحسين التعليم

فلنتقن عملية المساءلة 2017/8 @GEMReport #CountOnMe Bit.ly/GEM2017 التقرير العالمي لرصد التعليم فلنتقن عملية المساءلة @GEMReport #CountOnMe Bit.ly/GEM2017