All you need is something to write with But if you have a spring or sub week packet to turn in you can take that out

Anatomy of a wave Crest: the highest point on a wave Trough: the lowest point on a wave Wavelength: the length of a wave from crest to crest, or trough to trough As wavelength changes the type of wave changes

Amplitude: the vertical distance between crest or trough and the middle line Higher amplitude has more energy, lower amplitude less energy Higher amplitude color will be more intense and bright Lower amplitude color will be dim and less intense

Longer wavelength, lower frequency Frequency of a wave measures the number of crests of a wave that move past a point at a given time All light waves travel at the speed of light (when in a vacuum) so frequency depends on the wavelength Longer wavelength, lower frequency Low energy Shorter wavelength, higher frequency High energy

ROYGBV – red, orange, green, blue, indigo, violet The order of the colors from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength Shortest wavelength, highest frequency is violet, highest energy

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum longest wavelength shortest wavelength The Electromagnetic Spectrum The name given to a group of energy waves that are mostly invisible and can travel through empty space Shorter waves have more energy and longer waves have less energy

Characteristics of Radio waves: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of Radio waves: Longest wavelength. Transmit radio and TV signals.

Characteristics of Microwaves: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of Microwaves: Shorter than radio waves. Absorbed by water molecules.

Characteristics of Infrared waves: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of Infrared waves: Shorter wavelength than microwaves. Felt as heat. Hot objects give off infrared waves.

Characteristics of Visible light: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of Visible light: Shorter wavelength than infrared waves. Can be seen as colors. Half of Sun’s rays are visible light.

Characteristics of Ultraviolet light: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of Ultraviolet light: Shorter wavelength than visible light. Give off harmful radiation. Can kill living cells. Causes skin cancer.

Characteristics of X-ray radiation: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of X-ray radiation: Shorter wavelength than ultraviolet. Give off harmful radiation. Pass through skin, not bone. Harmful to humans.

Characteristics of Gamma radiation: longest wavelength shortest wavelength Characteristics of Gamma radiation: Shortest wavelength (highest energy). Comes from radioactivity or nuclear reactions. Give off harmful radiation. Harmful to humans.

Wavelength, Frequency, Energy Fill in the table below: wavelength frequency energy long high The Electromagnetic Spectrum

How light Behaves: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0eGjaEWpPU

Sound: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gdGyvGPZ1G0

Be sure to fill in your notes sheet as you go through the power point! Earthquakes!! Be sure to fill in your notes sheet as you go through the power point!

Occurred along the San Andreas Fault in CA Earthquake of 1989 Occurred along the San Andreas Fault in CA Registered approximately 7.5 on the Richter Scale

Which type of boundary (convergent, divergent, or transform) and fault (strike-slip, normal, or reverse) caused this quake?

Earthquake photos Look over the pictures on the following slides. Be sure to notice the amount and type of damage caused by this earthquake.

Where do Earthquakes Start? The starting point of an earthquake below ground is called a focus. The area directly above the hypocenter on land is called the epicenter. Earthquakes are strongest at the epicenter and become gradually weaker farther away!

Geologists use seismic waves to locate an earthquake’s epicenter. Locating the Epicenter Geologists use seismic waves to locate an earthquake’s epicenter.

- Earthquakes and Seismic Waves Types of Seismic Waves Seismic waves carry energy from an earthquake away from the focus, through Earth’s interior, and across the surface.

- Earthquakes and Seismic Waves Types of Seismic Waves P waves are seismic waves that compress and expand the ground like an accordion. Fastest wave S waves are seismic waves that vibrate from side to side as well as up and down.

Types of Seismic Waves Surface waves move more slowly than P waves and S waves, but they produce the most severe ground movements.

Identifying Main Ideas Detail Seismic waves carry the energy of an earthquake S waves vibrate from side to side as well as up and down. S-waves move at about ½ the speed of P waves! Surface waves produce the most severe ground movements & damage even though they move the slowest!. P waves compress and expand the ground. P waves move the fastest!

How are Earthquakes Measured? Earthquakes are measured based on three different scales. The first measures the actual size or magnitude of the quake. The second measures the effects or damage of the quake. The third measures the total energy of the quake.

How is the Size of Earthquakes Measured? A seismograph is the the tool used to measure the strength of an earthquakes The seismograph prints out a seismogram that scientists read to determine the strength of the quake. The data from the seismogram is translated into a 1-10 rating on the Richter Scale. Each step in the scale represents a tenfold increase in the size of the quake!

What is a Seismograph The Modern Seismograph Seismic waves cause the seismograph’s drum to vibrate. But the suspended weight with the pen attached moves very little. Therefore, the pen stays in place and records the drum’s vibrations.

How are the Effects Measured? The Mercalli Scale measures the earthquake’s effects on a scale of 1- 12 (in Roman Numerals). This is determined by scientists surveying the damage and then rating it on the scale. This scale is VERY subjective! I: only detected by seismographs. VI: felt by all, but very little damage XII: causes total destruction.

How Earthquakes Cause Damage A tsunami spreads out from an earthquake's epicenter and speeds across the ocean.

Earthquake Risk Geologists can determine earthquake risk by locating where faults are active and where past earthquakes have occurred.

Rate this damage!

Destruction caused by a (Richter) magnitude 6 Destruction caused by a (Richter) magnitude 6.6 earthquake in Caracas, Venezuela. The 1967 earthquake took 240 lives and caused more than $50 million worth of property damage.

Rate this damage!

Damage to a school in Anchorage, Alaska, caused by the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake. The earthquake, which killed 131 people and caused $538 million of property damage, registered an 9.2 on the Richter Scale.

Density and convection notes

Possible Answers! Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

The speed at which the plates move is about the speed at which your fingernails grow. Fastest Tonga Microplate Samoa 24 cm (9.4 inches) a year. Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Observations

Density – measure of how much mass there is in a volume of a substance

Example: heating water on a stove – as water on bottom gets hot, it expands, becomes less dense and rises; when the surface water starts cooling down it becomes denser and moves to the bottom causing a convection current

Theory of Plate Tectonics J. Tuzo Wilson (1965) was a Canadian scientist that proposed the lithosphere is broken into separate sections called plates.

Wilson combined information from continental drift, sea-floor spreading and Earth’s plates into a single scientific theory, or a wide- tested concept that explains a wide range of observations

Theory of plate tectonics explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates. Theory highlights: Plates float on top of asthenosphere

Convection currents rise in the asthenosphere and spread out beneath the lithosphere

Convection currents cause plates to move, producing changes in Earth’s surface

Changes in Earth’s surface include volcanoes, mountain ranges, and deep ocean trenches.

The edges of plates meet at lines call plate boundaries The edges of plates meet at lines call plate boundaries. When rocks slip past each other along these boundaries faults, or breaks in the Earth’s crust occur

Three types of boundaries: Transform boundary – place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions (frequent earthquakes)

Divergent boundary – two plates move apart, or diverge, usually occur at the mid-ocean ridge Rift valley – occurs when a deep valley is formed along a divergent boundary that develops on land

Convergent boundary – place where to plates come together, or converge, causing a collision When two plates of oceanic crust collide, one plates is subducted beneath the other forming a trench

When one oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate, forming a trench

When two continental plates collide they form mountains

Apex predator: top of the food chain, no natural predators Predator: an animal that naturally preys on other animals Prey: an animal that is hunted and killed by another for food Consumer: an organism that feeds on another organism Producer: an organism that produces its own energy Plants photosynthesize Decomposer: an organism that breaks down cells of dead plants and animals Bacteria, fungi, worms, etc.