Cellular organelles Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Part 2

cytoplasm All the material, except the nucleus & cellular boundaries, inside a cell. It is a thick fluid that contains cytoplasmic organelles (parts of a cell that carry on many of the functions needed to keep the cell alive).

cytoplasm

nicknamed "the powerhouse of the cell“ mitochondria nicknamed "the powerhouse of the cell“ bean-shaped or rod-shaped structures made of two layers of unit membranes

mitochondria the outer membrane is smooth inner membrane is folded repeatedly into ridges the folds are called cristae. On the inner membrane are the enzymes that release usable energy (ATP) from small food molecules

mitochondria where energy-releasing reactions occur

mitochondria Depending upon the energy demands of the cell, the mitochondria many be large and numerous with many cristae (as in muscle cells) or they may be small and relatively few with only a few cristae.

Muscle cell mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs that serve a variety of functions in the cell. (it connects the nuclear envelope to the cell membrane) There are two regions of the ER that differ in both structure and function.

Endoplasmic reticulum rough ER - ER with ribosomes attached (site of protein production) smooth ER - ER lacking ribosomes (It makes lipids like cholesterol and helps remove harmful substances from a cell)

Endoplasmic reticulum

a cellular organelle that directs the assembling of proteins Ribosomes a cellular organelle that directs the assembling of proteins nickname "protein factories“ function - protein synthesis (direct the assembling of proteins)

found on ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm Ribosomes found on ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm gets coded instructions from nucleus for making proteins

Liver Cell Ribosomes

first seen in 1898 by Camillo Golgi Golgi Apparatus The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins for their specific functions and packages the proteins into vesicles. first seen in 1898 by Camillo Golgi

Golgi body

nickname "containers of the cell" Vacuoles a membrane-bound sac that contains food, water, wastes, or other materials within a cell nickname "containers of the cell" small vacuoles are sometimes called vesicles

vesicles Vesicles are organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to another area of a cell.

Vacuoles

Lysosomes an organelle that contains digestive enzymes digest invading substances or large food substances occasionally its enzymes destroy old or no longer needed cellular structures (demolition crew)

Lysosomes

the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs Chloroplasts a cellular organelle that contains chlorophyll(other pigments are in plastids) the organelle in which photosynthesis occurs

Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles that use light energy and make food—a sugar called glucose—from water and carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

sometimes called "the control center of the cell" nucleus sometimes called "the control center of the cell" the cellular region that contains the chromosomes

Nuclear envelope The nucleus has a double unit membrane around it called the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is a porous, two-membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus.

nucleus The nuclear envelope has large pores - permitting the passage of material between the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

protein rich fluid inside the nuclear envelope nucleoplasm protein rich fluid inside the nuclear envelope

the nucleic acid that carries genetic information DNA the nucleic acid that carries genetic information DNA in the nucleus is organized into structures called chromosomes.

nucleus Inside the nucleus are chromosomes - contains the coded information for making various parts of the cell. Chromosomes are made up of a chemical called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

nucleolus looks like a nucleus inside the nucleus (structure where ribosomes are assembled)

Liver cell nucleus

Organelles that manufacure Ribosomes Smooth ER

Organelles for processing energy Mitochondria Chloroplasts

Organelles for processing, storing, and transporting molecules Golgi apparatus Vesicles Vacuoles

Cell organelles