6 Kingdom System of Classification

Kingdom Archaebacteria: *oldest living organisms on earth *prokaryotic, unicellular organisms *found in very harsh conditions (ex. bottom of sea, volcanic vents) *cannot live in the presence of oxygen It is thought that the early Earth’s atmosphere was filled with poisonous gases and was very hot- only this things could survive.

3 main phyla: Methanogens: harvest energy by converting H2 and CO2 into methane gas *Ex- found in marshes and intestinal tracts of humans, some animals Halophiles: “salt-loving”; unlike most bacteria, salt helps these survive *Ex- found in Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, other areas with high salt content Thermacidophiles: found in extremely acidic conditions, high temps *Ex- up to 230F, pH’s below 2: volcanic vents, & hydrothermal vents

Examples of Archaebacteria:

Kingdom Eubacteria: *prokaryotic organisms- no nuclei or other membrane-bound organelles *more complex, more common than Archaebacteria *obtain nutrients through absorption *some autotrophic

*live in more neutral conditions (when people say “bacteria”, they are talking about this kingdom because they can live everywhere around us) *can be aquatic or terrestrial 4 phyla: Cyanobacteria: photosynthetic Spirochetes: gram negative, spiral shaped, heterotrophic; may be parasitic or free-living (ex. syphilis caused by one) Gram positive: includes streptococcus (causes strep throat), yogurt- producing bacteria, & bacteria used for antibiotics Proteobacteria: mainly gram negative; includes enteric bacteria (intestinal like E. coli), chemoautotrophs (oxidize chemicals for energy), & N-fixing bacteria (soil).

*Most reproduce asexually * Includes greatest # of living things on Earth *Ex.: Escherichia coli (E. coli) Clostridium tetani (causes tetanus)

These two replaced Kingdom Monera:

Kingdom Protista: *eukaryotic org’s that lack specialized tissue systems *have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles *unicellular or multicellular *aquatic or moist habitats *obtain nutrients by ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis

*sexual and asexual reproduction

*over 50,000 species *Ex. algae, protozoa

Protozoa = heterotrophic protists: Phylum Ciliophora - (Paramecium, Blepharisma) Phylum Sarcodina - (Amoeba, radiolarians) Phylum Sporozoa - (Plasmodium - malaria) Algae = autotrophic protists Phylum Phaeophyta - brown algae (Fucus) Phylum Rhodophyta - red algae (Polysiphonia) Phylum Chrysophyta - diatoms Phylum Euglenophyta - Euglena Phylum Pyrrophyta - dinoflagellates (Ceratium) Phylum Chlorophyta - green algae (Spirogyra, Volvox, Chlamydomonas)

Kingdom Fungi: *heterotrophic unicellular & multicellular eukaryotes *most= terrestrial *obtain nutrition by absorption

*asexual and sexual reproduction *about 100,000 species *Ex. mushrooms, yeasts, puffballs, rusts, bread molds, & what causes athlete’s foot & ringworm

5 phyla: (based largely on the characteristics of their rep. organs): Club Fungi (Basidiomycota) “umbrella-shaped”: *spores produced on a club-like structure called the basidium Sac Fungi (Ascomycota): *spores produced in special pods or sac-like structures called asci *ex. Morels, truffles 3. Lichens (Mycophycophyta): *not always considered a true phylum anymore… *symbiotic union between fungus and algae (or sometimes photosynthesizing bacteria); Conjugation Fungi (Zygomycota)- ex. Black bread mold 5. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycota) - oddballs

Plantae (Plant) Kingdom: *eukaryotic *multicellular *autotrophic (make own food)

*Sexual and asexual reproduction *350,000 + species *Ex.: mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

*10-12 phyla (divisions) based largely on a. reproductive characteristics b. tissue structure-- non-vascular (mosses) and vascular plants (all others) c. "seed" structure - naked seeds, covered seeds, or spores d. stature - mosses, ferns, shrubs/ vines, trees, and herbs

*Division Bryophyta (Mosses & Liverworts) *Division Psilophyta (Psilotum) *Division Lycophyta (Club Mosses) *Division Sphenophyta (Horsetails) *Division Pterophyta (Ferns) *Division Cycadophyta (Cycads) *Division Ginkgophyta (Maidenhair Tree) *Division Gnetophyta (Gnetum & Welwitschia) *Division Coniferophyta (Cone-Bearing Trees & Shrubs) *Division Anthophyta (Flowering Plants)

Animalia (Animal) Kingdom: *Eukaryotic/ multicellular *Heterotrophic (cannot make own food) *obtain nutrients by ingestion *terrestrial and aquatic species

*Most reproduce sexually *1,000,000 + species Ex.: spiders, elephants, dolphins, humans

*Phyla based on type of coelom, symmetry, body plan, and presence of segmentation: INVERTEBRATES: Phylum Porifera (Sponges) Phylum Coelenterata (Cnidaria) (Corals & Jellyfish) Phylum Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) Phylum Nemertea (Ribbon Worms) Phylum Rotifera (Rotifers) Phylum Gastrotricha (Gastrotrichs) (microscopic) Phylum Nematomorpha (Horsehair Worms)

9. Phylum Nematoda (Nematodes/ roundworms) 10. Phylum Acanthocephala (Spiny-Headed Worms) Phylum Bryozoa (Bryozoans) Phylum Tardigrada (Tardigrades) Phylum Brachiopoda (Brachiopods) Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks) Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms) Phylum Sipunculoidea (Peanut Worms) Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods) Phylum Chaetognatha (Arrow Worms) Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms) Phylum Hemichordata (Acorn Worms)

21. Phylum Chordata (Chordates) *2 subphyla are invertebrates *Subphylum Vertebrata- -cranium & spinal column composed of segmented vetebrae -skeleton composed of cartilage or true calcareous bones - divided into eight major classes: *Class Agnatha (jawless fishes) *Class Osteichthyes (bony fishes) *Class Placoderms (armored fishes) *Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fishes like sharks and rays) *Class Amphibia (amphibians) *Class Aves (birds) *Class Reptilia (reptiles) *Class Mammalia (mammals)

And that, my friends, is the end of your notes!