Lesson 1 - THE RISE OF ROME Lesson 3 - The early roman empire THE ROMANS Lesson 1 - THE RISE OF ROME Lesson 2 - From Republic to empire Lesson 3 - The early roman empire

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The Decline of the Republic Rome began to experience many problems: 1. Senate - these men held most of the power, because they held office for life. They controlled domestic and financial policies.

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The Decline of the Republic 2. Small Farmers - they were losing land to the wealthy aristocrats Many had to move to the cities for survival 3. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus - two brothers who tried to bring reforms for the poor farmers and were assassinated by angry senators

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The Decline of the Republic 4. The Army - began recruiting from the urban poor, who swore loyalty to their general, not to the Roman State. Marius: was the first general to use this new way to recruit. It was the first time non- Romans were accepted into the legions. Lucius Sulla: a general who seized Rome and made a bad example to other generals later

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The End of the Republic As several men were competing for power, Rome established what was known as the First Triumvirate: It was a government headed by 3 people with equal power. They each had power in different regions. The three men were: Julius Caesar *Marcus Crassus (the richest man in Rome) **Gnaeus Pompey * How he became the richest man and he defeated the slave rebellion under Spartacus. Died fighting the Parthians. ** Pompey Initially supported Julius Caesar due to the rise of Crassus was thought of as the greatest general of the time. www.glscott.org

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The End of the Republic The Triumvirate ended when Crassus was killed in a battle in 53 BC. www.glscott.org

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The End of the Republic Caesar crossed into forbidden territory when he crossed the Rubicon River. This started the civil war with Pompey from which there would be no " turning back." (A famous saying evolved from this action: even now, saying "crossing the Rubicon" means taking an action that can't be undone. www.glscott.org

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE The End of the Republic Caesar defeated Pompey and was made dictator in 47 BC, and then was made " Dictator for Life" in 44 BC. www.glscott.org

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Julius Caesar's Reforms: 1. gave land to small farmers 2. increased the Senate to 900 members. The new members supported him. 3. granted citizenship to people in the provinces who were loyal to him. His reforms angered the senators and they plotted to assassinate him.

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE In 44 BC. Julius Caesar was assassinated he was the last ruler of the Roman Republic. This brought Rome to form another triumvirate.

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Second Triumvirate 1. Octavian - Caesar's great-nephew and his chosen heir 2. Mark Antony - Caesar's ally and assistant (Cleopatra's love interest) 3. Lepidus - Commander of Caesar's cavalry

FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE Second Triumvirate Soon, it was only Octavian and Antony fighting for power. Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra's navy and they fled to Egypt where they committed suicide.

ROMAN EMPIRE The Beginning of the Roman Empire Augustus means: Revered One He called himself the “First Citizen” In 27 BC, the Roman Senate gave Octavian the new title of Augustus and also Imperator or commander in chief. (Emperor comes from this Latin word). Even though he said that "The Republic as been restored," he began a new system for governing the provinces.

ROMAN EMPIRE Augustus' Reforms: 1. Said that the Emperor would choose the governors for the provinces. This way, he could choose those who would be loyal to him. Later, others did this also. 2. Stabilized the frontiers 3. Expanded Rome 4. Built and re-built many temples to honor the gods and goddesses 5. Encouraged a cult of Emperor worship. He was declared to be a god when he died.