Summary Report of an APEC-wide Foresight Study: Future Fuel Technology Co-organizers: The Government of Canada Industrial Technology Research Institute , Chinese Taipei National Metal and Materials Technology Center APEC Center for Technology Foresight National Science and Technology Development Agency Ministry of Science and technology, Thailand

Foresighting Future Fuel Technology A project of the APEC Industrial Science and Technology Working Group (ISTWG) in collaboration with the APEC Energy Working Group To examine rapidly emerging technologies for fuel for transportation and stationary energy production. hydrogen bio-fuels conventional and unconventional hydrocarbons Ambitious but realistic visions Some of the technologies to be examined are: Transportation Fuels o       Fuel cells and other hydrogen-chemical portable systems o       Upgrading of conventional hydrocarbons, including gas from clean coal o       Compressed natural gas and similar mixtures o       Biofuels and blends o       New high efficiency vehicles and engines o       Hybrid vehicles and energy storage applications o       Future methane hydrate extraction and utilization Electrical Generation o       Regular-sized plants based on innovative technologies and feedstocks including clean coal, biomass and nuclear. o       Smaller distributed systems based on fuel cells using methane produced from biomass or clean coal, natural gas or smaller scale nuclear facilities. o       Co-generation where pulp mills, integrated forest product operations and other factories converting bio-waste to electricity are able to sell surplus power back to the power grid. 2030

Workshops: Krabi, Thailand: 13-15 December, 2004 Scenarios Workshop for future fuels in APEC to 2030 55 participants from 12 APEC economies Vancouver, Canada: 27-29 April, 2005 The 1st Technology Roadmapping Workshop: drafting the technology roadmapping on unconventional hydro carbons, biofuels and hydrogen. 57 participants from 10 APEC economies Ping-Tung, Chinese Taipei: 10-12 August, 2005 The 2nd Technology Roadmapping Workshop: considering the possible implementation of the roadmaps and their possible integration. 47 participants from 11 APEC economies Chiangmai, Thailand: 3-4 November 2005 The Symposium: discussing the possible cooperative projects. 160 participants from 12 economies

Vision of Fossil Fuel Transition Towards Hydrogen Economy

Feedstocks Conversion Fuel Usage Solid: Gas Liquid Physical: Chipping Compacting Drying Solid: Chips Pellets Briquette Crops/Forestry: Straw, Wood, Chips Industry/ Agriculture heat electricity Crops: Cellulosic - based Chemical: Carbonization Liquefaction Gasification Crops: Starch/sugar - based Gas Biogas Syn gas Biological: Fermentation Digestion MSW Manure Liquid Ethanol Biodiesel Transportation Waste water Crops: Oilseeds Chemical: Animal Fats

Gaps and Barriers for Biofuels Development

Biofuel Roadmap with Timeline and Linkages to Other Fuel Types 2030 Biofuel Economy Fuel cells, H2 storage Linkages 2020 H2 from SynGas Biofuel Development Bio Oil - Pyrolysis Ethanol from starch/sugar CH4 – rich Biogas Biodiesel Ethanol from cellulose SynGas Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ( BIGCC) Polygeneration of energy, chemicals and H2 From proof of concept to implementation Technology readily available Need specification and market for co-products Limited experiences and further R&D needed H2 H2 - rich Biogas hydrocarbons 2010 Diesohol Direct combustion 2000 Biofuel Roadmap with Timeline and Linkages to Other Fuel Types Fossil fuel-based Economy

Possible Integration of Future Fuel Technologies

Possible areas for future cooperation_1 Inventory and construction of data base of R&D activity in APEC economies across the three areas of the study Feasibility of small scale gas to liquids plants for remote gas fields Prospects for clean coal technology and CO2 sequestration Biodiesel production, storage and blending

Possible areas for future cooperation_2 Fuel processing and reforming technology for production of hydrogen for fuel cells Potential for bioethanol production from cellulose Development of codes and standards for biofuels and for hydrogen A comparative international study on drivers for societal acceptance of biofuels Role of energy storage systems in an integrated fuel pattern.

APEC Center for Technology Foresight For more information: APEC Center for Technology Foresight Email: apectf@nstda.or.th URL: http://www.apecforesight.org