February 8th, 2018 Carolyn, Seth, Ryan 19.6 Gas Transport February 8th, 2018 Carolyn, Seth, Ryan

Overview Blood transports, by the cardiovascular system, Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen throughout the whole body by directly working with the respiratory system. Need to Know! Hemoglobin is involved with both oxygen and carbon dioxide transport Partial Pressure

Vocab useful to know Oxyhemoglobin - compound formed when oxygen dissolves in blood Carbaminohemoglobin - loosely bound compound formed when carbon dioxide binds with hemoglobin Bicarbonate ion - most important form of carbon dioxide transportation. Carbonic anhydrase - enzyme that speeds the reaction between carbon dioxide and water Chloride shift - exchange in position of two negatively charged ions

Objective 0: Partial Pressure Refers to a concentration of a specific gas in a mixture of gases. ***The pressure of each gas within a mixture of gases

Objective 1: Oxygen Transport Over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to the protein hemoglobin in RBC’s. As oxygen dissolves in blood it forms with hemoglobin to make oxyhemoglobin. PO2 determines the amount of oxygen that hemoglobin binds. Greater the PO2, the more oxygen binds to make hemoglobin’s loaded with oxygen. At normal PO2, hemoglobin is completely saturated. If PO2 decreases, oxygen and hemoglobin molecules can break, which oxyhemoglobin releases oxygen molecules. Free oxygen diffuses from blood into nearby cells. Increasing PCO2, acidity, and temperature increase amount of oxyhemoglobin and oxygen being released.

Objective 1: Oxygen Transport Fun Fact: Resting body requires 250ml of O2 per minute

Objective 1: Oxygen Transport What happens when you work out? Sympathetic nerves stimulate veins to constrict more frequently. Because this blood is transferring CO2, more oxygen can be distributed to muscles and joints. Respiratory rate increases to about 32 times per minute

Dissociation Curve

Objective 2: Carbon Dioxide Transport CO2 is carried to the lungs in one of three forms: As CO2 dissolved in plasma As part of a compound formed by bonding to hemoglobin As part of bicarbonate ions Largest amount of transported carbon dioxide Partial pressure determines amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma Only about 7% of the carbon dioxide that enters the blood is carried in the form of having a high partial pressure CO2 binds with an amino acid of hemoglobin Carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

Objective 2: Carbon Dioxide Transport

Objective 2: Carbon Dioxide Transport

When the system doesn’t work properly…. Rx Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Carbon Monoxide is a toxic gas produced by engines and burning fuel due to incomplete combustion Carbon Monoxide (CO) binds to hemoglobin but prevents oxygen being delivered to cells Those affected experience “flu-like” symptoms before passing out and dying; overall painless. High concentration: 5 minutes to death Low Concentration (9 ppm): 8 hours till death If caught early on, oxygen at high partial pressure can be delivered to keep tissues alive.

When the system doesn’t work properly…. Rx Pneumonia Inflames the air sacs in your lungs Sacs will fill with fluid or pus causing fever, chills, and extreme difficulty breathing Caused by virus, bacteria, or fungus Rx Tuberculosis Infectious diseases that can spread from person to person by a cough or sneeze Difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, fever, chills, and can even affect your kidneys or brain. Both decrease surface area available for diffusion of gases.

Connecting to the Nervous System Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Brainstem Controls involuntary motor actions of breathing The lower your blood ph, the faster you will breathe to remove CO2 Higher potency of CO2 in the blood causes higher breathing rate

Still a little confused? Watch these videos for review! Oxygen Transport (Textbook) Ted ED- Connecting Oxygen's Transport (Visual)

Works Cited-Information “Anatomy .” Smartbook, Mcgraw Hill, www.mhlearnsmart.com/flow/smartbook.html. Hoefs, Jeremy. “Response of the Respiratory System to Exercise.” LIVESTRONG.COM, Leaf Group, 14 Aug. 2017, www.livestrong.com/article/376756-response-of-the-respiratory-system-to-exercise/. “Pneumonia.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2 Feb. 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204. “Tuberculosis.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 4 Jan. 2018, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tuberculosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351250