Pharmacology

Derivation & Definition PHARMACOLOGY PHARMAC – O – LOGY Pharmac : Drug O : Connecting Vowel Logy : Study The branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and mode of action of drugs

Branches of Pharmacology PHARMACODYNAMICS PHARMACOKINETICS

DEFINITIONS PK – WHAT BODY DOES TO THE DRUG WHAT DRUG DOES TO THE BODY – PD Pharmacokinetics : Concerned with the movement of drugs within the body (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) of drugs and their relationship to pharmacological response Pharmacodynamics: Concerned with the quantitative study of the biological and therapeutic effects of drugs and it includes mode of action, side effects, and adverse effects

ABSOPRTION DISTRIBUTION METABOLISM EXCRETION The process by which the drug from the site of administration is taken up into the blood stream

Occurrence of drug at all parts of the body ABSOPRTION DISTRIBUTION METABOLISM EXCRETION Occurrence of drug at all parts of the body

ABSOPRTION DISTRIBUTION METABOLISM EXCRETION The transformation of the drug in the active form to have the desired effect

ABSOPRTION DISTRIBUTION METABOLISM EXCRETION Removal of the drug from the body. The major organ of excretion is kidney and other organs are large intestine, lungs, sweat glands etc.

Other Terminologies Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index The amount or percentage of drug that is absorbed from a given dosage form and reaches the systemic circulation

Other Terminologies Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index The maximum concentration of the drug achieved in the blood stream to attain the desired target

Other Terminologies Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index The time taken for the drug to reduce to half of its original amount in the blood stream for further utilization

Other Terminologies Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index The dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration

Other Terminologies Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index The lowest concentration of an antibiotic medication in the blood that is effective against a bacterial infection. ie; The lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of microbes

Other Terminologies The dose of a drug that may be expected to cause a specific intensity of effect in half of the patients. ie; The dose that produces a desired effect in 50% of the test population Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index

Other Terminologies An approximate assessment of the safety of the drug. It is the ratio of the median lethal dose to the median effective dose. MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE MEDIAN EFFECTIVE DOSE Higher the therapeutic index, safe is the drug. Bioavailability Peak Plasma Concentration Elimination Half Life Median Lethal Dose Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Median Effective Dose Therapeutic Index

Drug The word ‘DRUG’ is derived from the French word ‘DROGUE’ which means ‘A DRY HERB’ A drug is defined as any substance used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention, relief or cure of a disease in human beings or animals

Classification of drugs Those prescribed to prevent the occurrence of a disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors, or to prevent the recurrence of a disease or condition Preventive Diagnostic Symptomatic Palliative Therapeutic

Classification of drugs Those prescribed to find the cause of a disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors. Preventive Diagnostic Symptomatic Palliative Therapeutic

Classification of drugs Those prescribed to treat the symptoms of a disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors. Preventive Diagnostic Symptomatic Palliative Therapeutic

Classification of drugs Those prescribed to reduce symptoms of the disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors. Preventive Diagnostic Symptomatic Palliative Therapeutic

Classification of drugs Those prescribed to treat the disease or condition for those individuals with risk factors of a disease or condition Preventive Diagnostic Symptomatic Palliative Therapeutic

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Administration Local Transdermal Inhalation Sublingual Oral Rectal Vaginal Parenteral

Drug Dosage forms Capsules Drops Dry syrup Enemas Inhaler and Aerosols Injections Sprays Suppositories Tablets Transdermal patches Lotion and Oils Powder, ointment, cream & rub

dosages O.D Omni die once daily B.D Bis die twice a day T.I.D Ter in die three times a day Q.I.D Quarter in die four times a day Q6h Quaque 6 hora every 6 hours H.S Hora somni at bed time A.C Ante cibum before food P.C Post cibum after food S.O.S Si-opus-sit whenever required STAT Statim immediately, at once

Indications & Contraindications Conditions in which the drug should be used for the treatment of that particular disease Conditions in which the drug should not be used as it may lead to further complications

Drug Interactions Results in an undesirable or unexpected event that requires some change in the clinician's care of the patient; such as discontinuing a drug, modifying a dosage, prolonging hospitalization or administering supportive treatment

TERATOGENIC EFFECT. The mode of production of a malformed TERATOGENIC EFFECT The mode of production of a malformed foetus; (abnormalities in the development) CARCINOGENIC EFFECT  A substance is capable of causing cancer ADDITIVE EFFECT When two drugs are administered together the total effect is sum of their individual effect. E.g. Ephedrine and Theophylline for asthma SYNERGISM When two drugs are administered together the total effect is greater than the sum of their individual effect. E.g. Gliclazide with Metformin.

Thank You