War of 1812 Notes on… Jefferson’s Foreign Policy Embargo War of 1812 Era of Good Feelings

Jefferson’s Foreign Policy Impossible to avoid foreign affairs 1. American merchants engaged in trade all over the world 2. Louisiana Purchase opened country to westward expansion

Problems with France and England British did not want Americans supplying food to enemies so British set up partial blockade only some American ships sail to Europe

France became angry = enacted their own laws American shippers --difficult position- either way ships might be seized

Trade as a Weapon Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807 American ships no longer sail to foreign ports American ports closed to British ships

THIS WAS A DISASTER!! Most harmful to US American farmers, merchants, Southerners, Westerners, shippers, New Englanders EVERYONE suffered!

Election 1808, the embargo was major issue James Madison won ---4th president

The war of 1812 Neither Britain nor the U.S wanted their dispute to end in war. And yet, war between them did break out in 1812. Britain and France had no interest in respecting neutral rights.

But….they both disrespected us, why only declare war with Britain? Americans had more sympathy for the French. Jeffersonian republicans applauded the French for overthrowing monarchy. British Navy impressing American soldiers. (more on this, next slide) Plus, we never fully got over the American Revolution.

Impressing American soldiers The British practice of manning naval ships with "pressed" men, who were forcibly placed into service

Another reason to go to war with the Brits…. British were supporting Native Americans in their fight against American expansion. Think, pair, share… Why do you think the British helped the Native Americans?

For decades, settlers had been gradually pushing the Native Americans farther and farther westward. In an effort to defend their lands, Shawnee warrior, prophet and religious leader, Tecumseh, attempted to unite all of the tribes east of the Mississippi river. White settlers persuaded governor of Indiana territory, William Henry Harrison, to take aggressive action. The British provided aid to Tecumseh’s efforts.

War Hawks A congressional election in 1810 had brought a group of new young republicans to Congress (from frontier states, KY, TN, OH) Known as war hawks, because of their eagerness for war with Britain. Anti-British feelings grew in the South and West. They argued that war with Britain is the only way to defend American honor, gain British parts of Canada, and destroy Native American resistance on the frontier.

New Englanders Merchants & businessmen opposed war WHY????

Trade and MONEY Neither Congress nor the American people were united in support of war. In Congress, PA, VT were for war. Northern States, NY, NJ and all the states in NY England were not. Madison win re-election in 1812…

The War of 1812

RE-Cap…Causes of the War of 1812 British arming Natives in the Ohio River Valley British impressment of American sailors

Britain began impressing (kidnapping) American sailors to work on British ships. 1803-1812, impressed about 6,000 Americans

The United States military was weak when war began. Navy had 16 ships Army had fewer than 7,000 poorly trained men Little equipment Inexperienced officers

Battles concentrated around: -Great Lakes -Washington DC -Louisiana -Mississippi

The Burning of D.C. British troops marched into city Dolly Madison (First Lady)gathered important papers and a portrait of George Washington then fled south British troops burned the executive mansion (White House) and the capitol The British move and attacked Fort McHenry at Baltimore

Fort McHenry

The commander of Fort McHenry requested a large flag so “the British will have no difficulty seeing it!” American Flag flew high

Francis Scott Key detained on a British ship – watched the all-night battle. The next morning, He expressed his pride in what became the national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner”

The Americans

The British

Battle of New Orleans The British prepared to attack New Orleans = cut off Americans trade on the Mississippi BUT Andrew Jackson waiting for the British! Jackson’s American soldiers and pirates defeated the Brits

Jackson’s men dug trenches to defend themselves Jackson’s men dug trenches to defend themselves. British soldiers charged the American trenches. More than 2,000 British fell. Only seven Americans died!

Battle of New Orleans

Final, most deadly battle for the British Andrew Jackson became a hero. The battle took place two weeks after peace treaty signed!

Andrew Jackson

Treaty of Ghent 1814 Ghent, Belgium Signed December 24, 1814 Ended War 1812 None of the issues causing war addressed---“Nothing was adjusted, nothing was settled.” return matters as before the war

Americans pride in their country. “The people are now more American. They feel and act more as a nation.”

Era of Good Feelings Time after War 1812 people not divided over political issues or war PATRIOTISM GROWS

The Effects of the War/Era of Good Feelings Increased American Patriotism Weakened Native American Resistance US manufacturing grows

MONROE DOCTRINE Was issued by President James Monroe in 1823 Was actually written by his Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams Let the world know that the U.S. was now the “protector” of the western hemisphere

MONROE DOCTRINE No more colonization in North America, Latin America, or South America The U.S. would not interfere with European affairs, and thus Europe should not interfere in American affairs The U.S. was prepared to take its place among the most powerful nations in the world