Chapter 10 APUSH Mrs. Price “To invent, you need a good imagination and a pile of junk.” – Thomas Edison

Demographics Changes from 1820-1840 - Population increased - Population concentrated in NE & NW

3 Trends Population grew quickly (more than Europe) Population was migrating westward Population was moving to towns & cities

Changes in 1840-1860 Growth of cities accelerated Immigration rate increased - 2 main sources: Germany & Ireland - German: settled in NW, family groups, had $ - Irish: settled in NE, single women, poor

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

Immigration leads to Nativism Racism Economic fears Religious fears Political fears (Whigs)

Secret Nativist Societies Native American Association (1837) Native American Party (1845) Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner (1850) American Party (Know Nothings 1852)

The American Party

Technological Advances Canals - Need to move goods internally cheaply - Erie Canal

Erie Canal System

Railroads 1820s-1830s: played secondary role Weaknesses: - Lines were short; didn’t connect - Tracks were different gauges - Schedules erratic -Wreaks common

Railroads cont. 1840s-1850s: Advances led railroads to be dominant - More miles of track - Consolidation of lines - Support from private & public (land grants) - Further divided North & South

Magnetic Telegraph Permitted instant communication Lines more extensive in North Led to creation of Associated Press

Economic Developments US businesses grew quickly Growth of corporations - in 1830s - Due to changes in laws - Limited Liability Credit limited growth

Rise of the Factory Spread quickly in 1820s Most productive capacity in NE Advances in technology - Manufacturing of machine tools - Principle of Interchangeable parts - New sources of energy (coal) - American inventors were prolific

Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory

John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Labor Changes in agriculture led workers to go to factories 2 systems of recruitment - Whole families from farms to factories - Young women (Lowell or Waltham system)

Lowell Girls

Lowell Boarding Houses

Working Conditions Began to decline in 1830s & 1840s More immigrants 12-14 hour workday $4 to 10/week Artisans began to form craft societies & trade unions

Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court Unions were legal organizations Strikes were legal

American Society Increasing concentration of wealth - There was mobility (social & geographical) - Political opportunities Wealthy - Concentrated in large cities - Culture of wealth was created

American Society cont. Poor - Significant number in cities - Free blacks, Irish, widows Middle Class - Fastest growing class in US - Most influential cultural form in US