CHAPTER 19 Section 1 Terms, People, and Places Anesthetic Enclosure James Watt Smelt

Anesthetic – Drug that prevents pain during surgery. Enclosure – The process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers. James Watt – Father of the industrial revolution with his improvement of the steam engine. It opened the door not only for operating machinery, but eventually to powering locomotives and steam ships. Smelt – Melt in order to get the pure metal away from its waste matter.

CHAPTER 19 Section 2 Terms, People, and Places Capital Enterprise Entrepreneur Putting-out System Eli Whitney Turnpike Liverpool Manchester

Capital – Money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise. Enterprise – A business organization in such areas as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. Entrepreneur – Person who assumes financial risk in the hope of making a profit. Putting-out System – A system developed in the 18th century in which tasks were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry. Eli Whitney – He invented a machine called the cotton gin that separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate and cotton production increased exponentially.

Turnpike – Private road built by entrepreneurs who charged a toll to travelers who used it. Liverpool – City and one of the largest ports in England; first major rail line linked Liverpool to Manchester in 1830. Manchester – City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution city; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

CHAPTER 19 Section 3 Terms, People, and Places Urbanization Tenement Labor Union

Urbanization – Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Tenement – Multistory building divided into crowded apartments. Labor Union – Workers’ organization.

CHAPTER 19 Section 4 Terms, People, and Places Thomas Malthus Jeremy Bentham Utilitarianism Socialism Means of Production Robert Owen Karl Marx Communism Proletariat Social Democracy

Thomas Malthus – A British economist who predicted that population would outpace food supply. He believed poor families should have fewer children to preserve the food supply. Jeremy Bentham – British Philosopher and Economist advocating utilitarianism. He believed all laws or actions should be judged by their utility. In other words, did they provide more pleasure or happiness then pain? Utilitarianism – Idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Socialism – System in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses.

Means of Production – Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods. Robert Owen – A British social reformer. He was an early socialist who was called a utopian. He believed that there was a way he could change society for the better. Karl Marx – German philosopher who is known as the father of communism. His ideas were published and known as the communist manifesto. He predicted a struggle between social classes that would lead to a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community.

Communism – Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx, class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community as a whole. Proletariat – Working Class Social Democracy – Political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.