Giving shape to the dream Pakistan achieved:

Giving shape to the dream Pakistan achieved:

Giving shape to the dream Pakistan achieved: What to do next? Setting up and running the new country. Jinnah, realising that people were disorganised and disheartened, emphasized the government servants to work harder so as to pull people out of their despondency and galvanize them into action. (source 8.2)

Giving shape to the dream Pakistan to face more problems than India. Came into existence without the basic materials needed to form an independent country. No government machinery, no trained personnel, no army, no capital and practically no money. Syed Razi Wasti (Historian)

Giving shape to the dream Pakistan to face more problems than India. (cont.) The factor, which overshadowed the efforts to establish Pakistan India’s failure to keep agreements made at the time of Partition. Seemed to be doing all it could do to destroy its Muslim neighbour.

Giving shape to the dream Pakistan to face more problems than India. (cont.) Immediate issues: Boundary problems: A nation divided. Communal violence and refugee problems The Princely States and the Kashmir problem. The Canal Water Dispute

Giving shape to the dream Pakistan to face more problems than India. (cont.) Immediate issues: Administrative problems: Division of assets. The problem of a newly established government. Founding Pakistan’s military. Building the economy.

Immediate issues: (cont.) Boundary problems: A nation divided.

A nation divided. East and West Pakistan Distance by land 1200 miles Immediate issues: (cont.) Boundary problems: A nation divided. East and West Pakistan Distance by land 1200 miles Distance by sea 3000 miles Common factors Religion and independence struggle

Boundary problems: A nation divided (cont.) East Pakistan West Pakistan Name of areas included Eastern part of Bengal and Sylhet Western half of Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan

Boundary problems: A nation divided (cont.) East Pakistan West Pakistan Main language Bengali Urdu Area (size) 1/7 6/7 Population 4/7 3/7 Main crops Jute, rice Wheat, cotton, rice

Boundary problems: A nation divided (cont.) East and West Pakistan: Other facts; More than half population in East Pakistan but govt. based in West Pakistan. Communication between the two was poor. Radio Pakistan was set up to help bridge the divide.

Boundary problems: A nation divided (cont.) East and West Pakistan: Other facts; Divided by more than just distance. The standard time Tradition Dietary habits Culture Customs The calendar Language

Boundary problems: Duty to State: ‘Our duty to the State comes first, then our duty to our Province, district, town, village, and lastly, ourselves’. Jinnah advised the nation. He reminded the people that all citizens of the state have equal rights. Source 8.10

Partition announced--- communal violence began. Boundary problems: Communal violence and the refugee problem: Partition announced--- communal violence began. Widespread violence and cruelty on all sides. Partition caused up to a million deaths, 20 million homeless. The worst violence was in Punjab.

Disturbances continued into 1948. Boundary problems: Communal violence and the refugee problem: Disturbances continued into 1948. ‘Lahore and Amritsar … have the crumbling, burnt-over look of blitzed London’. ‘Nation’ Newspaper reported in September 1947

Boundary problems: Communal violence and the refugee problem: Jinnah was concerned: Speaking to the Constituent Assembly in August 1947, Jinnah had appealed to people to work together, putting aside their religious differences.

Communal violence and the refugee problem: Jinnah was concerned: Jinnah called himself the ‘Protector-general’ of Pakistan’s religious minorities. Urged Muslims to keep law and order and reminded them that Islam instructed them to care for others, whatever their caste or religion.

Communal violence and the refugee problem: Arrival of refugees:

Communal violence and the refugee problem: Arrival of refugees:

Early 1947 Large scale movement of people across borders. Communal violence and the refugee problem: Arrival of refugees: Early 1947 Large scale movement of people across borders. By mid 1947, about 230,000 had fled NWFP. Mass migrations by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were under way. By plane, car, train, bullock cart, or just on foot.

3.5 million people left Pakistan. Communal violence and the refugee problem: Arrival of refugees: September 1947: the British Times newspaper reported a line of Muslim refugees 20 miles long travelling mostly on foot, towards Pakistan. 3.5 million people left Pakistan. 5.5 million refugees entered Pakistan.

Left their hearths and homes where they had lived for generations. Communal violence and the refugee problem: Arrival of refugees and their condition: Left their hearths and homes where they had lived for generations. With possessions they could carry. Were ambushed and slaughtered. 100s of 1000s were killed and abducted, tortured and totally deprived of their possessions. Tales of unimaginable brutality.

Inadequate sanitation led to break out of diseases. Communal violence and the refugee problem: The refugees in Pakistan: Not enough accommodation of food for them (flooding had led to serious food shortages). Inadequate sanitation led to break out of diseases. Sick and injured needed medical care.

1. The Ministry of Refugees and Rehabilitation was set up. Communal violence and the refugee problem: Steps to handle the refugee problem: 1. The Ministry of Refugees and Rehabilitation was set up. 2. Massive camps in Punjab. Later refugees to be sent to other areas to settle. Agricultural land in Sindh and loans to begin farming were provided to 100s of 1000s people.

Communal violence and the refugee problem: Refugee camps:

3. A Refugee Relief Fund began. Huge grants by people. Communal violence and the refugee problem: Steps to handle the refugee problem: (cont.) 3. A Refugee Relief Fund began. Huge grants by people. 4. Muslim women nursed the sick and wounded. 5. Supplies and helpers sent by British and American Aid Agencies.

Communal violence and the refugee problem: Steps to handle the refugee problem: (cont.) 6. Agreement between India and Pakistan to take responsibility of minorities within their borders. Free passage across borders was stopped.

562 Princely States in the subcontinent. The Princely States: 562 Princely States in the subcontinent. Ruled by Nawabs, Nizams, and Maharajas. Had own laws, collected own taxes, some kept own army. Subject to Crown Rule.

Given option to join either India or Pakistan. The Princely States: Given option to join either India or Pakistan. Majority ruled by Hindu rulers, thus joined India. Largest states to join Pakistan: Bahawalpur, Khairpur and Kalat. Some caused problems.

The Princely State of Junagadh:

300 miles south east of Karachi. Population mostly Hindu. The Princely State of Junagadh: Small coastal state. 300 miles south east of Karachi. Population mostly Hindu. Ruled by Muslim Nawab , who wanted to join Pakistan.

Indian troops surrounded the state. The Princely State of Junagadh: (cont.) Indian troops surrounded the state. The railways were stopped/ran short of food. Nawab and family escaped. November 1947: Indian troops moved in and took control. In referendum after 6 months, majority favoured India.

Pakistan did not accept the result. Protested to the UN. Not resolved. The Princely State of Junagadh: (cont.) Pakistan did not accept the result. Protested to the UN. Not resolved.

The Princely State of Hyderabad:

Largest Princely State. South of India. 85% Hindus. The Princely State of Hyderabad Largest Princely State. South of India. 85% Hindus. Ruled by Muslim Nizam, the richest man, (US $ 1.4 bn). Tried to remain independent. Pressure to join India.

Nizam complained about India/appealed to King George VI. The Princely State of Hyderabad: (cont.) August 1948:Indian complaint in the UN against armed Muslim raids from Hyderabad border. Nizam complained about India/appealed to King George VI. September 1948:Indian troops invaded Hyderabad. In four days, Hyderabad was part of India.

Hyderabad and Junagadh: The Princely State of Hyderabad and Junagadh: The common factors Both had Hindu majority. Muslim ruler. Made part of India using force.