Neuroscience Review

But first, a few Research review questions….. (Not on test) Identify any two problems associated with the use of common sense in the study of psychology. Hindsight bias Judgemental overconfidence

Research…. The intent of a random sample is to accurately represent a: Independent variable Experimental group Population Control group

Research… Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the weakest degree of relationship between two variables? -0.2 +1.0 -0.99 +0.25

Correlation Studies Which of the following indicates a positive correlation?

Research Tom wants to know how consistent his scoring has been this season. Which measure would be the most relevant measure for his concern? Mean Median Scatter plot Standard deviation

Biopsychology (starts here…) A biological psychologist would be more likely to study: How you learn to express emotions How to help people overcome emotional disorders Life-spun changes in the expression of emotion The chemical changes that accompany emotions

Modern Psychology Explain the significance of the following: Each individual is a “biopsychosocial system.” Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.

The Neuron Identify any three specific parts of a neuron and explain their role in neurotransmission.

Neurons… An axon transmits messages __________ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages _______________ the cell body. Away from: toward Away from: away from Toward: away from Toward: under

Neural Communication A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the: Synapse Action potential Agonist Myelin sheath Refractory period

Neural Communication During an action potential, the electrical state of the axon becomes: Polarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted Polarized, as negatively charged atoms are admitted Depolarized, as negatively charged atoms are admitted Depolarized, as positively charged atoms are admitted

Neural Communication In a resting state, the axon is… Depolarized, with negatively charge ions outside and positively charge ions inside Depolarized, with positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside Polarized, with negatively charged ions inside and positively charged ions outside Polarized, with positively charge ions inside and negatively charged ions outside

Neural Communication Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse within a single neuron? a. Axon – dendrite – cell body – synapse Dendrite – axon – cell body – synapse Synapse – axon – dendrite – cell body Dendrite – cell body – axon - synapse

Neural Communication What ultimately determines the threshold of a neuron? Excitatory and inhibitory impulses

Neural Communication A neuron will generate action potentials more often when it: Remains below its threshold Receives an excitatory input Receives more excitatory than inhibitory imputs Is stimulated by a neurotransmitter

Neural Communication A strong stimulus can increase the: Speed of the impulse the neuron fires Intensity of the impulse the neuron fires Number of times the neuron fires Threshold that must be reached before the neuron fires

All or none response… The all or none response refers to the neuron’s firing of the impulse: a. At different speeds depending on the stimulus b. At the same intensity every time c. At alternating intervals d. Between the neurons only

Neural Communication What is the term used to describe the space between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron? Synaptic gap

Neural Communication Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons are called…. neurotransmitters

Myelin Sheath A degeneration (wearing out) of the Myelin sheath can result in: Parkinson’s Disease and Schizoprenia Alzheimer’s and Multiple Sclerosis Bipolar and depression Parkinson’s and depression

Neural Communication Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called… Reuptake

Neurotransmitters Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of: Ach Serotonin Endorphins dopamine

Match the following: Serotonin Glutamate GABA Dopamine Ach 1-a, 2-e, 3-d, 4-c, 5-b Effects mood and is one of largest neural systems in the brain Muscle movement, learning, memory Perceptual awareness Inhibitory excitatory

Neurotransmitters The neurotransmitter Ach is found at every junction between: a. receptor sites and cell bodies b. motor neurons and muscle fibers c. At junctions between neurons d. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous systems

Neurotransmitters Which neurotransmitter is associated with bipolar disorder? (manic and depressive states) Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine ACh

Neurotransmitters The excessive release of which neurotransmitter is associated with schizophrenia? Serotonin Dopamine Acetylcholine Endorphins

Neurotransmitters 1. What kind of drug excites, or mimics a neurotransmitters signal? Agonist What kind of drug blocks, or inhibits a neurotransmitters signal? Antagonist

Neurotransmitters The pain of heroin withdrawal may be attributable to the fact that: Under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of endorphins Under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of all neurotransmitters Heroin destroys endorphin receptors in the brain Heroin increases the brain’s production of endorphins

The Nervous System Identify the two major nervous systems and briefly (generally) explain the role of each. Central (brain and spinal cord) Nervous system Autonomic (controls automatic action of internal organs and glands) Somatic (Skeletal) (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing: flight or fight) Parasympathetic (calming) Peripheral

The Nervous System Identify the three types of neurons that carry information in the nervous system and briefly explain the role of each. Sensory neurons (Afferent neurons) Motor neurons (Efferent neurons) Interneurons

Nervous System Heartbeat, digestion and other self-regulating bodily functions are governed by the: Voluntary nervous system Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Endocrine system

Nervous System Voluntary movements, such as “hitting the buzzer” are directed by: Sympathetic nervous system Somatic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Nervous System Your brother has been taking prescription medicine and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medicine is exaggerating activity in the: Pituitary gland Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Autonomic nervous system

Nervous System Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex? Sensory neuron – interneuron- sensory neuron Interneuron – motor neuron – sensory neuron Sensory neuron – interneuron – motor neuron Interneuron – sensory neuron – motor neuron

Nervous System Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways? Emotions Physiological drives, such as hunger Reflexes Movements, such as walking

Nervous System You are able to pull your hand quickly away from hot water before pain is felt because: This movement of the hand is a reflex that involves intervention of the spinal cord only Movement of the hand does not require intervention by the CNS The brain reacts quickly to prevent injury The autonomic system of the PNS intervenes to speed the contraction of the hand muscles

Nervous System In the brain, learning occurs as experience strengthens certain connections in cell work groups called: Action potentials Endocrine systems Dendrites Neural networks

The Endocrine System Chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are called: Agonists Neurotransmitters Hormones enzymes

Endocrine System Which of the following would accurately describe the transmission of a hormone through the bloodstream? Slow acting, but long lasting Fast acting and long lasting Slow acting and short lasting Fast acting, but long lasting

The Endocrine System Which of the following glands regulates growth? Adrenal Thyroid Hypothalamus pituitary

The Endocrine System The Pituitary gland is referred to as the master gland essentially because: Its huge size compared to other glands Its influence in stimulating the action of other glands Its huge influence over the somatic nervous system Its control over the Hypothalamus

Endocrine System Epinephrine and norepinephrine are ________ that are released by the ______ gland. Neurotransmitters: pituitary Hormones: pituitary Neurotransmitters: thyroid hormones, adrenal

The Brain: Match the following (50 Points!) Hypothalamus Medulla Cerebellum Amygdala Hippocampus A3, B4, C5, D2, E1 Processes new memories Emotions of fear and rage “Reward center”, basic drives, regulates Pituitary Breathing and heartbeat Fine motor skills and balance

The Brain Damage to brain tissue is referred to as…(10) lesion What part of the brain is associated with basic drives, emotions and memory? (10) Limbic System Explain the role of the Thalamus and identify which sense it does not process. (20) Sensory switchboard / smell

The Brain What neuroimaging technique detects both structure and function? (10) FMRI A blind person’s sense of touch often invades the visual area of the sensory cortex, resulting in a heightened sense of touch. This is referred to as…. plasticity

Match the following: 1. EEG 2. PET Scan 3. CAT 4. MRI FMRI 1-b, 2-e, 3-a, 4-d, 5-c Structure only (x-ray) Detects brain waves Structure, soft tissue and chemical movement Structure and soft tissue Chemical movement (glucose) in brain

The Brain Place the following in the correct evolutionary sequence (from oldest to newest.) Limbic system Brainstem Cerebral Cortex

The Brain What is considered the brain’s ultimate control and information processing center?(10) Limbic system Cerebral Cortex Parietal lobe Motor Cortex

The Brain What brain part serves as the junction between the left and right hemispheres? (10) The removal of this brain part has proven to alleviate what condition? (10) Explain the specific conditions associated with the split brain patient. (20)

The Brain (60 points!) Identify the four lobes of the brain and summarize the funtion of each: Frontal=judgement, logic, planning, emotions, spatial creative Parietal Lobe- senses (touch) Occipital lobe- vision Temporal lobe- hearing Demonstrate with your hands the location of each lobe.

The Brain What is the term associated with language impairment? (10) Aphasia Identify the specific roles of Broca’s Area and Wernicke’s Area in the use of language. (20)

The Brain Which of the following is not true concerning the Association Areas of the brain? (10) It is part of the Cerebral Cortex It integrates old and new information and conducts complex processing It is thought to be “uncommitted” to a specific task It makes up 50% of the Cortex area