Using BLAST to Identify Species from Proteins Adapted from College Board’s “Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary Relationships with BLAST”

What we know so far... We already know that DNA can be used to identify animal species at a genetic level According to the Central Dogma of Biology, DNA is transcribed into RNA and translated into proteins If DNA is not present in a bone specimen, other biological material can be acquired to identify a fossil

Today’s Goal Become acquainted with BLAST for protein analysis Identify the relation of extinct dinosaurs to modern species and where dinosaurs fit in on a family tree Understand how phylogenetic trees depict evolutionary relationships

What you will need to know What is BLAST, and how is it used? Why is BLAST important? What is a phylogenetic tree? What are orthologs? How can proteins be used to identify evolutionary relationships?

What is BLAST? B L A S T Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

Why is BLAST useful? BLAST makes it easy to search databases that contain many millions of partial, full, and potential gene sequences It can be used to compare sequences from one species to another to identify similarities or differences Knowing the identity of gene sequences from many species allows scientists to track evolutionary heritage of those species

What is a phylogenetic tree? Diagram that depicts the evolutionary relatedness of species or groups of closely related species Each endpoint of a branch represents a group of organisms The closer two branches on a tree are, the more related the groups are More information about phylogenetic trees is present in the student activity.

What are orthologs? Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene Basically, they are genes with the same or similar functions in different species Ex. Human and mouse genes Gene duplication occurs during DNA replication. When species differentiate, the same genes are duplicated across species. The alpha chain of a gene is the same among frogs, humans, and mice. Therefore, these species are orthologs.

How can proteins be used to identify genetic relationships? Proteins are composed of different combinations of amino acids The genetic code (DNA/RNA) is used to identify each amino acid to then add on to a growing chain (protein) There are 20 amino acids and 64 possible combinations of RNA building blocks- some amino acids are repeated! We can examine differences in protein sequences between species to infer evolutionary relationships Each amino acid is represented by a single letter “code” so scientists do not have to write out the full name. For example, “Leucine” is “L”, while “Lysine” is “K.” A full listing of each amino acid code can be found in the supplementary material for this activity.

Activity: Identify Evolutionarily Related Protein Sequences You are a member of a scientific team that has discovered 3 well preserved bone fossil specimens T. rex, mastodon, and hadrosaur Small amounts of tissue have been removed from the fossil Unusual in such ancient specimens Amino acid sequences have been extracted from protein fragments First time this has ever happened!

Activity: Identify Evolutionarily Related Protein Sequences Use BLAST to compare these amino acid sequences to protein sequences from other species Then, create a phylogenetic tree to explore where these extinct species might branch off from the evolutionary tree

Step 1 Form an initial hypothesis as to where and why you think the three extinct species (T. rex, hadrosaur, mastodon) belong on the phylogenetic tree

Step 2 Locate and download the protein fragment files for the fossilized bone specimens

Step 3 Upload the sequence into BLAST Go to BLAST homepage: https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Bla st.cgi Click on “Protein BLAST”

Step 3 Under “Enter Query Sequence,” paste the first amino acid sequence from “Protein #1” Do not change any of the settings on the rest of the page Scroll down and hit “BLAST”

Step 4 The results page has 2 sections The first is a graphical display of the matching sequences

Step 4 Scroll down to the section titled “Sequences Producing Significant Alignment” The species in this list are the ones with sequences identical to or most similar to the amino acid sequence of interest The most similar sequence is listed first If you click on a result listed, you will get a full report of the species

Step 4

Now that you have this information... Follow the PDF instructions for the BLAST search of the fossilized T. rex bone amino acid sequence If you still have time at the end of class and want to practice and explore more, repeat the activity for the hadrosaur and mastodon fossil specimens