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In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport. The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow. ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system. Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed. Seems inefficient for an active animal!

Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cq--zXVc8Ww

Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid Mouth feeds in sediments Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel http://scied.fullerton.edu/VIDA/VIDAImages/U2M5Lumbriculus/F00005.html http://www.westminster.net/faculty/cobler/Lumbriculus%20variegatus.jpg

Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches) aortic arch ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company What is NOT shown well in this cartoon? Gas exchange!

Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Incomplete separation of two sides means mixing blood of different quality. Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow. or BIRD Homeotherms! Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient See Fig 45.22 pg 920

Respiratory/Circulatory Systems Ventilation system Fig 45.1 Page 903

Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) gas exchange muscular pump glucose control blood cell replacement ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company nitrogenous waste absorbing nutrients gas exchange nutrient exchange

Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates return from body …to body …to lung …from lung semilunar valve ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company semilunar valve mitral valve tricuspid valve Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not!

2 1 DUB!! 3 4 Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure 1 2 LUB ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company DUB!! Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves 3 4

The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent! initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker” atrial contraction “LUB” ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company and Purkinje fibers ventricular contraction “DUB” Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!