Installing Java on a Home machine For Windows Users: Download/Install: Go to http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-downloads-2133151.html Accept License Agreement and then download the file named “jdk-8u51-windows-i586.exe”. Save the file to the desktop and run it. The installer will install Java to: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_51\ Once the installer is finished, you must set your computer's path before Java will work correctly.

Installing Java on a Home machine (cont’d) Setting the Path: Go to the Control Panel and double-click System Select the Advanced tab Click on the Environment Variables button Look under System Variables for "Path" Click on "Path" and then click edit Add the following to the end of the Path ; C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.8.0_51\bin Click OK. Click the "New" button. For the variable name, type: CLASSPATH For the value, type: .; NOTE: The above value in words is period semicolon; it is not a misprint. Click OK. Exit out of all the open windows

Installing Java on a Home machine (cont’d) To test if java is installed correctly: Open up a command prompt To do this click on Start and then Run Type in cmd.exe and click Ok Type java and hit enter If you see something like "command not found", then java is not installed correctly Otherwise you should see a list of options for running java

Developing a programming skill Learning to program a computer Training yourself to solve problems in a very detailed and organized manner You are already experienced in Intuitive problem solving Need to develop programming skill Write a problem solution IN terms of actions appropriate for a computer

Computer organization Computer system Hardware physical, tangible pieces such as chips, wires, and so on Useless without instructions to tell them what to do Driven by a series of instructions, in other words programs Software Programs and the data those programs use Intangible counterpart to the physical hardware components

Computer hardware Most computer have four major hardware parts Central Processing Unit (CPU): brain of the computer executes individual commands of a program Input/output devices allow human beings to interact with a computer Memory stores programs and data while being processed by CPU

Computer hardware (cont’d) Memory Input devices Output devices CPU

What is programming Computers performs tasks more efficiently, quickly, and accurately than we could by hand However, to be useful it must be programmed Computer programming: Devise a set of instructions to be executed by a computer In order to solve a given real world problem

How do we write a program? It is a two phase process Analysis and specification General solution (Algorithm) Verify Problem-Solving Phase Concrete solution (Program) Test Implementation Phase Maintenance Phase

Algorithm implementation JAVA code Peter’s JAVA code Algorithm C++ code Algorithm Nell’s JAVA code Ada code John’s JAVA code Algorithm translated into different languages Algorithm translated by different people

Programming shortcut Problem Shortcut? Think first and code later Problem Solving Phase (Algorithm) Problem Shortcut? Implementation Phase (code) Think first and code later

JAVA program execution convert Java code to a form usable by computers provided that in a computer instructions and data are stored in the computer memories using binary codes In a computer, data represented by pulses of electricity On circuit => ‘1’; Off circuit => ‘0’ Data in binary form => combination of enough 1s and 0s Program execution means translating data and instructions to patterns of 1s and 0s.

Programming language levels Machine language Primitive instruction built into each machine Each type of CPU has its own language Binary based instructions => tedious process and prone to error Assembly language Short English like words for commands and data Tedious to use Both are considered to be low level languages

Programming language levels (cont’d) High level language Expressed in English like phrases Easier to read and write High level Language Assembly Language Machine Language a+b ld [%fp-20] %o0 1101 000 0000 0111 ld [%fp-20] %o1 add %o0, %o1 1101 0010 0000 0111 1011 1111 1110 1000

Program development Software tools involved Editor: type a program and store in a file Translation from high level into executable form That translation may result in errors You change the code to fix the problem Execute the program and evaluate results errors errors Edit and save program Translate program Execute program

Compilers Translation into machine language Compiler: Translates code in one language to equivalent code in another one Original code => source code, Target language => particular machine language Translate once and run whenever needed

Interpreters Translation into machine language Interpreter similar to compiler with some differences Interweaves the translation and execution Parts of the source code are translated and executed one at a time Drawback: Programs run more slowly, as translation occurs during execution

JAVA translation and execution The process combines the use of a compiler and interpreter Java source code -> Bytecode (Java compiler) JAVA virtual machine reads bytecode and executes it Difference between Bytecode and machine language Bytecode is not tied to any particular processor type It makes JAVA architecture neutral => portable

JAVA translation and execution (cont’d) Source code JAVA bytecode JAVA compiler JAVA interpreter Bytecode compiler Machine code