Emerald Ash Borer Detection Efforts: From Girdled Trees to Purple Traps

Therese M. Poland, Deborah G. McCullough, Deepa Pureswaran, Cesar Rodriguez, Andrea Anulewicz, and David Cappaert

The Problem Early detection & delimitation are virtually impossible Signs and symptoms do not appear for 1+ years after attack By then adults may have spread New tools for detection are desperately needed!

Trap Tree Studies

Year# Field Sites # RepsTreatments Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide, Trap logs Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide, Wounded, Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide, Methyl jasmonate (MJ) Healthy, Girdled, MJ, Manuka oil, Healthy, Girdled, Wounded, 2-year Girdled

3 Sites (6 reps/trt/site) Healthy ash Girdled ash Hypo-hatchet + herbicide ash 6 ft trap logs: green, white, black ash 2003 Trap Tree Study

2003 Results

Is it the wound itself or stress caused by girdling that increases attraction? TreatmentWoundStress Control X X Herbicide X Vertical wound X Horizontal girdle 2004 Trap Tree Study

2004 Results b b b a

2005 Trap Tree Study Stress Agents and Trap Height 1.Girdled 2.Healthy 3.Herbicide 4.Methyl Jasmonate (stress hormone) 4 sites, 18 replicates total Half in open sites Half in closed canopy

Girdled – open Girdled - closed 2005 Trap Tree Study

Herbicide – open Herbicide - closed 2005 Trap Tree Study

MeJA dispenser Low band Girdle High band Purple panel 2005 Trap Tree Study

Methyl- Jasmonate bubble caps strung in canopy 10 per tree 2005 Trap Tree Study

ab bc b b b a Mean number of EAB, 4 sites (N=20) 2005 Results

2005 Results Mean Number of EAB per Tree by Trap Type

2005 Open-grown trees are more attractive to EAB 2005 Results

40 Replicates of 4 treatments at 4 sites: Control untreated ash trees Girdled ash trees Ash trees with 6 Manuka oil clusters on trunk Ash trees exposed to 20 MeJA bubble caps in canopy 2006 Trap Tree Study

b a bb b a b b Mean Number of EAB, 4 Sites (N=40) 2006 Results

Results Open-grown trees are more attractive to EAB

Trap Tree Studies Conclusions 5 years, 122 replicates 14 field sites (variable EAB populations & tree shading) Girdled trees consistently the best treatment Girdled trees captured significantly more EAB than healthy trees (approx. 10x) at low density sites Larval densities were significantly higher in girdled than healthy trees Low sticky bands caught as many or more EAB as high bands or traps in the canopy Open-grown trees catch more EAB

Analysis of Ash Volatiles to Identify Attractants for EAB

Volatile Collection Insect feeding damage 10 EAB in screen cages for 5 days Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) stress hormone spray 50ml of 0.03% solution Mechanical damage 20% of leaf area removed with scissors Healthy control

Insect Damage Methyl Jasmonate Control Retention Time (min) Z-3hexenylacetate E-B-ocimene linalool nonatriene indolizine E,E-a-farnesene

Quantity of volatile (ng/g/h + SE) Control Insect Damage MeJA Compound Number Z3-hexenyl acetate Eb-ocimene linalool nonatriene E2-hexenal Z3-hexenol 3-Methylbutyl- aldoxime 2-methylbutyl- aldoxime indole E,E-a-farnesene Z-jasmone

FID GC-EAD hexenal hexenol Z3-hexenol Z3methylbutylaldoxime E2methylbutyl- aldoxime Z3-hexenyl- acetate Eb-ocimene linalool nonatriene E,E-a-farnesene EAB Antennal Responses

EAG Amplitude (mV ± SEM) (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate 3-Methyl- butylaldoxime Hexenal (E)-2-hexenal (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol Males Females * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * 2-Methyl- butylaldoxime ** * Cartridge Dosage EAB Antennal Dose Response Profiles

Cartridge Dosage E,E- -farnesene (E)- -ocimene Linalool Indole (Z)-jasmone Hexyl acetate * * * * * EAG Amplitude (mV ± SEM) Males Females EAB Antennal Dose Response Profiles (Z)-jasmone

Clean Air Treatment Insect Damage MeJA Healthy N % No Choice * * n.s. Percent Response Attraction of EAB to Stressed or Healthy Ash Seedlings in Olfactometer Bioassay

Field Trapping Studies

a ab b b

A Multi-Component Trap for EAB Top panel baited with Leaf Blend Bottom panel baited with Bark Blend Overall Visual Silhouette 10 tall pole simulates tree bole Panels simulate tree crown Purple color is attractive to EAB Traps in sunny open locations

Highly apparent placement may reduce competition between trap & nearby ash trees Can install traps along roadsides, in open areas or just outside forested area Logistically simple & efficient to monitor

Experimental Design Field Sites 40 Replicates (5-10 per site) 4 Treatments: Leaf Blend + Bark Blend + Texture Leaf Blend + Texture Bark Blend + Texture Leaf Blend + Bark Blend

Trapping Results Captured 4,060 EAB Leaving off Leaf Blend reduced attraction Leaving off Bark Blend or Texture did not reduce attraction

Experimental Design sites: moderate to very low EAB densities: forest edge, roadside, open field blocks per site, 31 traps per treatment 5 Treatments: DD: no lures DD: Leaf + Manuka DD: Leaf + Manuka + Extracts Tower: Leaf + Bark + Extracts Single: Leaf + Bark + Extracts

Kellogg Forest – EAB Detection Site x x Girdled trees Ash plantation Conifers EAB not known to be present 4 EAB caught on DD-L+M trap 28 Jun, 11 July, 17 July No EAB adults or larvae on 2 girdled trees 150 m away

Conclusions Girdled trees are consistently the most attractive trap trees Girdled trap trees and purple traps can catch EAB at low-density sites and can detect new infestations Purple traps are more attractive than green traps Baited traps are more attractive than unbaited traps Large silhouette traps at the ground are at least as attractive or more attractive than canopy traps Double decker traps are more attractive than single panel or tower traps

Using traps operationally - Issues to consider… Pestick was re-applied after heavy rain(s). Traps need to be checked fairly often (e.g. 2 wk intervals?) or beetles may fall off. Accumulation of flies (esp. green traps) or other insects may require panel to be scraped & Pestick re-applied.

Acknowledgements MSU: Kaeli Chambers, Tara Dell, Erin Burkett, Chenin Limbach, Bob McDonald, Ben Schmidt, James Wieferich US Forest Service: Stephen Burr, Alison Wroblewski, Tina Kuhn, Toby Petrice Funding: USDA Forest Service MSUs Project GREEEN