Beowulf
The Epic Hero Predestined Mysterious origin Vulnerability Embodies cultural ideals
The Epic Hero Responds to catastrophic situations Supernatural intervenes to help him Moral compass leads him to defend his society Mortal but god-like
Epic Long narrative poem Recounts the adventures of a hero Passed down orally Uses elevated language Begins in media res
Background Information Setting - Denmark and Sweden Author - Unknown, probably a monk Composed in the 7th or 8th century Oldest surviving English poem
Elements of Anglo-Saxon Poetry Alliteration: repetition of initial consonant sounds “Then the grim man in green gathers his strength” Caesura: a pause or break in a line of poetry “Oft to the wanderer / weary of exile” Kenning: compound metaphor used as a name “battle-blade” and “ring-giver” Hyperbole: exaggeration
Anglo-Saxon Culture Belief in fate (Wyrd) Treasure equals success Fame and fortune Loyalty to the leader Pagan, Germanic, and Christian ideals
Anglo-Saxon Culture Fierce, hardy life of warrior and seamen Strength, courage, leadership abilities appreciated Rowdy rituals of mead-halls Expected the hero to boast
Anglo-Saxon Hero Strong Courageous Loyal Desires fame Generous
Anglo-Saxon Ideals Good defeats evil Wergild—restitution for a murder Comitatus—code of loyalty Boasts must be followed by actions Fate is in control Only fair fights are honorable
Title of Epic Poem Anglo-Saxon word Beo means “bright” or “noble” Anglo-Saxon word wulf means “wolf” Beowulf means bright or noble wolf Other sources say Beo means “bear”
Beowulf Epic hero Geat (from southern Sweden) Nephew of Higlac (King at story’s start) Sails to Denmark to help Hrothgar
Hrothgar Danish king Builds Herot (hall) Tormented by Grendel for 12 years Loses many men Joyless before Beowulf’s arrival
Grendel Referred to as demon and fiend Haunts the moors (swampy land) Descendant of Cain (kills his brother Abel in Bible) Feasts on 30 men the night of 1st attack
Grendel’s Mother Referred to as a she-wolf Lives under a lake Challenges Hrothgar when she kills one of his best men
Fire Dragon Lives in Beowulf’s kingdom Wakes up when thief steals cup Guards countless treasures
Funeral Pyre for Beowulf: Epic Poem Ends in Elegy (song of praise)