Pharmacy Lectures

Cell and Cell Division -Cell is the basic functional and structural unit of life -Smallest unit capable of maintaining independent life - Organelles are suspended in the cytosol which is embounded by cell membrane

Cell Cell membrane Organelles Cytoplasm Membranous Non-membranous

Cell membrane Function -Separates and protects the cell -Controls in the movement of molecules across the cell -Involves in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion channel conductance and cell signaling

Structure -Phospholipd bilayer -Protein are imbedded with in the membrane -Each phospholipids has a head and tail region arranged with the heads at ends

Cytoplasm - Jellylike substance where organelles are located. -Also found within are organic/inorganic chemicals, inclusion bodies -Medium for biochemical reactions

Cell organelles Membranous organelles Examples; -Nucleus -Endoplasmic reticulum{Er} -Golgi apparatus -Mitochondria, -Lysosome

Nucleus -Control protein synthesis and genetic material - Largest membrane-bound organelle in the center of most cells. -Control protein synthesis and genetic material -The nucleus is surrounded by nuclear envelope which form circular openings called nuclear pores -Nucleolus lies in the nucleus, produce ribosome

Endoplasmic reticulum -(ER) is collectively a continuous network of outer membrane of the nuclear envelop -Granular/rough endoplasmic reticulum involves in packaging proteins -Agranular/smooth ER lacks ribosome, is the site of lipid, carbohydrate…..synthesis and also detoxifies

Golgi apparatus -The apparatus is usually located near the nucleus and ER -The Golgi body further packages/stores proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export". - Flattened, layered, sac-like organelle.

Mitochondria - Most important structure -Site of energy production (ATP) -Surrounded by two membranes, the outer membrane is smooth while the inner is folded into tubular structures called cristae.

Lysosomes -Bound by a single membrane and contain highly acidic fluid. -The fluid acts as digesting enzymes for breaking down bacteria and cell debris. Vacuoles -“Bubbles" of material in the cell.

Non-membranous organelles Ribosomes -Assemble proteins from RNA codes. -They are found free-floating in the cytoplasm throughout the cell or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

cytoskeleton Is a filamentous network to maintain /change cell shape and produce movements. -Microfilaments are the thinnest and most abundant of the cytoskeleton proteins. -Intermediate filaments are slightly larger -Microtubules are hollow tubes composed of a protein called tubulin.

Microvilli -Contractile protein which help to propel movement -Hair-like motile extensions on the surface of some cells. -Contractile protein which help to propel movement

Cell division -Majorly can occur through two processes -Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells -Majorly can occur through two processes ( mitosis and meiosis)