CELLS

The Cell Theory All living things are made of cells. Cells are the basic structural unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and Prokaryotic Cells NO membrane bound organelles Most functions within the cell happen in one common space No compartmentalization or specialization; single cells function alone (no tissue formation) Generally smaller and more simple Examples Archaea Bacteria

Prokaryotes (Archaea and Bacteria) Cell wall Made of peptidoglycan (sugars and amino acids) Capsule Protective shell Nucleoid region Clump of DNA Plasmid Extra loops of DNA Ribosomes Structures that translate DNA and produce proteins Pili Hairs for attachment

Eukaryotes And Eukaryotic Cells Membrane bound organelles Allow for compartmentalization, specialization, tissue formation (multiple cells working together in a single unit) Generally larger and more complex Examples Animals Plants Fungi Protists

Animal Cells NO cell wall Centrioles Made of microtubules help in cell division

Plant Cells Cell wall of cellulose Centrosomes Chloroplasts made of microtubules help in cell division Chloroplasts convert energy from sun into sugar (photosynthesis) through cellular respiration Central vacuole Stores water for structural support

Fungus Cells Cell wall of chitin (same thing insect exoskeletons are made of) Spindle pole bodies made of microtubules help in cell division NO chloroplasts or photosynthesis

Protists First eukaryotes Usually single-celled Early ancestors of animals, plants and fungi Usually single-celled All have a single-celled stage in life cycle Sometimes colonial (group together) Animal-like, plant-like, fungal-like May be a combination of characteristics

Prokaryotic Cell Movement Flagella Mechanical complex of proteins organized into rotary motor Rotates like a propeller Gliding Motion Utilizes secretions and viscosity

Eukaryotic Cell Movement Flagella Tail like structure that uses whipping motion for locomotion; Ex: spermatozoa, protists Cilia Hair like structure that uses beating motion for locomotion or movement of substances Ex: Bronchial and fallopian tube lining, protists Pseudopods Amoebic, blob-like movement Ex: White blood cells, protists

Cell Structures Cytoplasm: cellular matrix; the jelly-like substance everything is suspended in; made mostly of water Organelles: “little organs;” structures found within the cell that carry out certain functions Only eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles

Cell Boundaries Plasma Membrane: all cells have outer membrane containing the cytoplasm and organelles Cell Wall: thick, hard, outer layer for structure and protection; most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes. Not in animal cells.

Next… Cell membranes and cellular transport