Chapter 3 Introduction to Logic 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 3: Introduction to Logic 3.1 Statements and Quantifiers 3.2 Truth Tables and Equivalent Statements 3.3 The Conditional and Circuits 3.4 More on the Conditional 3.5 Analyzing Arguments with Euler Diagrams 3.6 Analyzing Arguments with Truth Tables 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Conditional and Circuits Section 3-3 The Conditional and Circuits 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Conditional and Circuits Conditionals Negation of a Conditional Circuits 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Conditionals A conditional statement is a compound statement that uses the connective if…then. The conditional is written with an arrow, so “if p then q” is symbolized We read the above as “p implies q” or “if p then q.” The statement p is the antecedent, while q is the consequent. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Truth Table for The Conditional, If p, then q p q T T T T F F F T F F 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Special Characteristics of Conditional Statements is false only when the antecedent is true and the consequent is false. If the antecedent is false, then is automatically true. If the consequent is true, then is automatically true. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Determining Whether a Conditional Is True or False Decide whether each statement is True or False (T represents a true statement, F a false statement). Solution a) False b) True 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tautology A statement that is always true, no matter what the truth values of the components, is called a tautology. They may be checked by forming truth tables. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Negation of a Conditional The negation of 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Writing a Conditional as an “or” Statement 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Determining Negations Determine the negation of each statement. a) If you ask him, he will come. b) All dogs love bones. Solution a) You ask him and he will not come. b) It is a dog and it does not love bones. 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Circuits Logic can be used to design electrical circuits. p q p q Series circuit Parallel circuit 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Equivalent Statements Used to Simplify Circuits 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Equivalent Statements Used to Simplify Circuits If T represents any true statement and F represents any false statement, then 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Example: Drawing a Circuit for a Conditional Statement Draw a circuit for Solution ~ p q ~ r 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.