Unit 1: Scientific Process, Life Characteristics, Unity and Diversity Ms. Sharpe Regents Biology Name: ____________________

Scientific Process Have a ____________ about nature? Make a _______________ (educated guess) Distinguish between the controls (______________) and the variable (should be only one variable in a well ____________ experiment) Collect _______ and organize it into a table and maybe into a graph. Make a ___________________ based on data collected.

When designing an Experiment Make your population large enough that a ____________ conclusion can be drawn. Make sure you only have _________ variable in the experiment. This should be the factor you are testing for. Make sure there are MEASURABLE ____________that you are collecting to analyze.

Parts of the Experimental Setup “Variables” The variable that “I” manipulate in the experiment is the _____________________ variable. The variable that changes due to the independent variable is the ____________________ variable.

Parts of the Experimental Setup “Control Group vs. Experimental Group” _____________ group is the group which has the factor you are testing for. __________________ group is the group which is not getting the factor you are testing for.

Question: Does adding iron increase the plant growth? Hypothesis: If you add iron to a plant, then it will grow larger. Procedure: Place 2 genetically identical plants in the same room at the same temperature, provide sunlight and soil, but one plant will get 1 tablespoon of iron added to its water each week and the other will ___________. Measure the growth of each plant every 3 days for two weeks. Independent variable? _____________________ Dependent variable? ______________________ Constants? ________ and _________ and ______ Control group? Experimental group?

Let’s Pretend We Did This… sarracenia.com Conclusion: Data Table: What do we NEED to do to make this a valid experiment? http://

Let’s Pretend We Did This… sarracenia.com Conclusion: Data Table: What do we NEED to do to make this a valid experiment? http://

You Design an Experiment You are working for a group of doctors in research. The doctors you work for have a Question: “Does Vitamin B increase growth rates of developing embryos?” They suggest you use developing chicken embryos. 1.Write a hypothesis: If ___________________________________________ then, ___________________________________________

Write and Draw an Experimental Setup Hint chicken eggs can be placed in incubators and can be injected with small needles. Explain what measurable data you will collect. Include the following: Independent variable? Dependent variable? Constants? Control?

“Does Vitamin B increase growth rates of developing embryos?” 1. Describe Procedure 3. Write a conclusion: 2. Design a data table

Notes on Biochemistry and Enzymes

Biochemistry The study of the chemical reactions of living things is called _______________ A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances is a called an ________________. Some examples are : Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and _________________ These elements are the most abundant in living things.

Atoms and Bonding All elements are made up of particles called _______________. Atoms of different elements differ in the number of protons, neutrons, and _______________. When two or more different atoms combine(bond) this forms a ____________________. Example H + O = H2O

Two types of Bonding When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become electrically charged particles called ___________. These ions then create an __________ bond between them. When atoms share electrons (the electrons travel around both atoms) they are said to be __________________ bonded. Carbon very often shares electrons with other atoms.

Inorganic VS. Organic Compounds Both are found in __________ things. However, only organic compounds contain the atom ___________, except ______________ and ________________ Examples of inorganic compounds found in cells are: ____________, salts, carbon dioxide, and hydrochloric acid.

Three different types of Organic Compounds 1. ____________________ are sugars and starches which are primarily used as a source of ________________. Contain C, H, and O in a ratio of 1:2:1 For example: ________________ is glucose Glucose is a _________________________ Two monosaccharides bonded together form a ___________________________ such as sucrose.

Polysaccharides=many monosaccharides bonded together _________________ found in vacuoles of plants and animal cells ___________________ found in the cell walls of plants _________________ found in the liver of animals for a long term source of energy when you haven’t eaten in a while.

Polysaccharides

Lipids (fats, waxes, and oils) Mainly a source of _____________ energy. Contain H, C, and ______ but in no particular ratio. Usually many hydrogen atoms. The _____________________ are 3 fatty acids and one glycerol. http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofacts/steroids.html http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/jcontentstable.html

http://www.biotopics.co.uk/JmolApplet/jcontentstable.html

Proteins Contain C, H, ____ and Nitrogen Can be used for adding new ________________ in the body. Examples of Proteins: Structural proteins, ________________, hormones, and antibodies. Building blocks of proteins are ___________________________

There are 20 different Amino Acids ___________ Group contains nitrogen and two Hydrogen atoms. ____________ group contains carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. The ______________ is what makes the 20 different AA different.

List of all 20 Amino Acids

Carbohydrates Vs. Proteins Used for energy Have ONE building block, called _____________ Used for _____________ Have 20 building blocks called _______________

Macromolecules, DNA, Genes and Chromosomes Large, complex organic molecules (macromolecules) make up the basic molecular units found in living organisms. Complex carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic acids Lipids Figure 2-7

One Very Important Protein ________________ regulate the rates of reactions in the cell and body. Enzymes are called __________________ because in general they speed up the chemical reactions. Enzymes are named after the ______________ they act on. Example: __________________ is the enzyme that acts on maltose (disaccharide).

4 Factors Influence Enzyme Action How much _____________ is available. 2. How much ______________ is available. 3. How high or how low the ___________ is. 4. How high or how low the ________ is. All of these factors can be visually demonstrated in graphs.

How Temperature Effects Enzyme Activity Each enzyme has a temperature and pH at which its activity is greatest and the reaction it Catalyzes proceeds at its fastest rate. The rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions increase as the temperature rises to the ____________ temperature. At very high temperatures, the enzyme molecules become damaged or ______________. The damage is usually permanent. Remember: Enzymes cannot die!

How do pH levels effect enzyme activity? Enzyme called catalase found in all cells. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Some enzymes function at a different optimal pH; Why?

DO Now: Label each X-Axis with one of the following: Enzyme Concentration, Substrate Concentration, Temperature and pH. Enzyme Action Enzyme Action Enzyme Action Enzyme Action ?