BIOLOGY 067: Macromolecules

Types of Macromolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Simple carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide CH2OH CH2OH O O O 4 5 6 3 2 1 CH2OH OH HO Monosaccharide Disaccharide CH2OH CH2OH O O O maltose C12H22O11

Complex carbohydrates starch granule cell wall potato cells nonbranched branched OH CH2OH

Lipids

Structure of fats and oils A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails C H + 3 fatty acids glycerol fat molecule 3 water molecules dehydration reaction OH O HO 3 H2O hydrolysis reaction

Types of fats and oils

Steroids OH CH3 a. Cholesterol b. Testosterone c. Estrogen HO O H3C

Structure of proteins: Acid group Amino group R group

Amino acids (20 types) –O H O H3N+ H C C O O– H3N+ C C CH2 H O O– CH2 valine (val) (nonpolar) glutamic acid (glu) (ionized, polar) lysine (lys) (ionized, polar) H O H3N+ C C H O O– CH2 H3N+ C C H O O– CH2 H3N+ C C NH O– CH2 C –O O SH tryptophan (trp) (nonpolar) aspartic acid (asp) (ionized, polar) cysteine (cys) (polar)

Peptides: H

Levels of protein organization

Parts of a nucleotide nitrogen- containing base phosphate C P 5' O 4' S 1' 2' 3' sugar

Nucleic Acids

DNA vs RNA:

Specialized Nucleotide: ATP – Adenosine triphosphate ATP = adenine + ribose + 3 phosphate groups Adenosine P P P ATP ADP + P + energy

S C O P Long-term energy storage; membrane components Immediate H R Long-term energy storage; membrane components Immediate and stored energy; structural molecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Storage of genetic information Support, metabolic, transport, regulation, motion Fatty acid Glycerol Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids Structural, enzymatic, carrier, hormonal, contractile DNA, RNA Organic Examples Subunits Functions Nucleotide base phosphate amino group acid COOH Glucose Amino acid H2N CH2OH OH