Macromolecules

Macromolecules Large organic molecules (POLYMER) Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

Carbohydrates Small to large sugars molecules. Examples: A. monosaccharide: one sugar B. disaccharide: 2 sugars C. polysaccharide: many sugars

glucose MONOSACCHARIDE DISACCHARIDE POLYSACCHARIDE One sugar 2 sugar Many sugars EXAMPLES: Glucose Ribose Deoxyribose Sucrose Lactose Maltose Starch (bread, potatoes Glycogen (beef muscle) Cellulose (plant cell walls) glucose cellulose glucose glucose

Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. (HYDROPHOBIC) Examples: 1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

Lipids functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Cell membranes (phospholipids)

Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. = = = H H-C----O glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = unsaturated

Proteins (Polypeptides) Monomer: Made up of amino acids (AA) Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: Transport: Regulatory: Movement: Structural: 6. Enzymes:

Nucleic acids Two types: a. DNA b. RNA Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides (MONOMER)

Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose)