Large biological molecules Macromolecules Large biological molecules

Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. copyright cmassengale

Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) copyright cmassengale

Question: How Are Macromolecules Formed? copyright cmassengale

Answer: Dehydration Synthesis Also called “condensation reaction” Forms polymers by combining monomers by “removing water”. HO H H2O HO H copyright cmassengale

Question: How are Macromolecules separated or digested? copyright cmassengale

Answer: Hydrolysis Separates monomers by “adding water” HO H H2O HO H copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide Function: Energy storage, structural support, cell recognition Properties: Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Individual sugar molecules connected by glycosidic bonds Examples: A. monosaccharide B. disaccharide C. polysaccharide copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6) Fructose Galactose glucose copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit held together by a glycosidic bond. Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose copyright cmassengale

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose copyright cmassengale

Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against water loss 4. Chemical messengers (hormones) 5. Major component of membranes (phospholipids) 6. Cushions joints copyright cmassengale

Lipids Monomer = lipids have no true monomer, but repeating subunits can be glycerol or fatty acid chains H H-C----O glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

Lipids Properties – fatty acids are connected to glycerol by ester bonds Saturated fatty acids – only single bonds connecting carbons. Tend to form solid fats at room temperature. Unsaturated fatty acids – have at least one double bond. Tend to form liquid fats (oils) at room temperature

Lipids Examples of lipids include: a) triglycerides b) phospholipids (component of cell membranes) c) waxes d) oils e) cholesterol

Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions of proteins: 1. Storage: albumin (egg white) 2. Transport: hemoglobin 3. Regulatory: hormones 4. Movement: muscles (actin, myosin) 5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails (keratin, collagen) 6. Enzymes: catalysts for cellular reactions

Proteins Monomer = amino acid There are 20 different amino acids. For humans, 12 of them are capable of being made in our bodies, but 8 are essential amino acids – they must be obtained through the diet.

Proteins Proteins (polypeptides) are chains of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Nucleic acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix) – codes for an individuals genetic information. b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) – three types involved in protein synthesis, and transfer of copies of genetic information around cell copyright cmassengale

Nucleic acids Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonds in dehydration synthesis. Subunit = NUCLEOTIDE

DNA properties Double stranded Sugar - deoxyribose Contains 4 nitrogen bases: Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

RNA properties Single stranded Sugar = ribose Made up of 4 nitrogen bases: Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine

Macromolecule Animation http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/conte nt/chp03/0302002.html