Organic Compounds Compounds that contain Carbon, Hydrogen and/or Oxygen are called organic. Biomolecules are large organic molecules.

Carbon (C) Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). Usually with C, H, O or N. Example: CH4(methane)

Biomolecules Large organic molecules. called POLYMERS. Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

#1 function of a carbohydrate is short term energy storage. Carbohydrates #1 function of a carbohydrate is short term energy storage.

Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O Examples: monosaccharide disaccharide polysaccharide

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Examples: glucose (C6H12O6) deoxyribose ribose Fructose Galactose glucose

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose

Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucose cellulose

Stores the cellular information of the organism in the form of a code Nucleic Acids Stores the cellular information of the organism in the form of a code

Nucleic acids Two types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) Mrs. Johnson’s FAVORITE macromolecule!! Two types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

Nucleic acids Nucleotides are made up of a Phosphate group, a Sugar, and the Nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), thymine (T) DNA only, uracil (U) RNA only, & guanine (G) RNA Nucleotides contain the sugar ribose DNA Nucleotides contain the sugar deoxyribose

Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5 Sugar (deoxyribose)

DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A

Lipids

Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water. Lipids have no charge Examples: Fats Waxes Phospholipids Oils Steroid hormones Triglycerides

Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3. Protection against physical shock 4. Protection against water loss 5. Chemical messengers (hormones) 6. Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

Lipids Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. = = H H-C----O glycerol O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = fatty acids O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =

Fatty Acids There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see these on food labels: 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = saturated O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH =CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = unsaturated

Proteins Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds forming polypeptide chains Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions of proteins: Storage - albumin like egg white Transport - hemoglobin Regulatory - hormones Movement - muscles Structural - membranes,hair,nails Enzymes - cellular reactions

Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

Enzyme a special kind of protein Change the rate of a chemical reaction. Are involved in nearly all metabolic processes. Speed up the reaction of digestion of food Affect the assembly of molecules Affect the storage and release of energy

Lock & Key Action of Enzymes: Enzymes act on a specific substrate like sucrose Each substrate fits into an area of the enzyme called the active site – lock and key The products are released – bonds are broken The enzyme is released and can attach to other substrates