Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Monosaccharide Enzymes Disaccharide Polysaccharide Lipids Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats Proteins Enzymes Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

Polymers: Large compounds made up of identical or nearly identical repeating subunits Monomers: the subunits of a polymer

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates: Common Names: Carbs, Sugars, Dietary Fiber, Starches Examples: Starches/Cellulose/Glycogen, found in grains, dairy, sweets Function: These break down into sugars and provide ENERGY for cells. Molecular Formula: CH2O

Monosaccharide one sugar Glucose, Fructose, Galactose What is the Chemical Formula? In order for sugar to enter the cell and provide it with nutrient energy, it must be broken down into a monosaccharide

Disaccharides two sugar Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration synthesis (H2O is pulled out) Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose(table sugar) Glucose + Galactose = lactose(milk sugar) Glucose + Glucose = maltose (malt sugar)

Polysaccharides many sugars 3 or more Monosaccharides Serve as energy source and provide support for cells.

Examples of Polysaccharides 1. Starch – food storage by plants 2. Cellulose – forms cell walls of plants & gives structural support (we can not digest cellulose)

3. Glycogen – storage of carbohydrates in animal tissue, stored primarily in muscle or liver cells When not immediately needed, dietary carbohydrates are converted to glycogen or fat and stored. When your blood sugar drops, the liver breaks down stored glycogen & releases glucose into the blood.

Lipids

Lipids (Nonpolar) Common Names: Fats, oils, waxes Examples: Fats – saturated and unsaturated Phospholipids (plasma/cell membrane) Steroids Found in meat, butter, lard Elements: C, H, O

1. Form barrier between cell & water environment. Functions of Lipids: 1. Form barrier between cell & water environment. 2. Long-term energy storage in the body. 3. Found under the skin where they insulate the deeper body tissues from heat loss & protect them from mechanical trauma Nonpolar because it does not mix w/water These are grouped together only because they share the only physical properties of not mixing with water

Lipids are composed of: 1 Glycerol (a 3 Carbon molecule) 3 Fatty Acids which are attached to each of the carbons in glycerol. Called Triglycerol Carboxyl group at the end of Fatty Acid indicates that it is a lipid

Saturated Fats (Bad Fats) Solid at room temperature Maximum # of H are attached to C Carboxyl group at the end

Unsaturated Fats (Good Fats) Liquid at room temperature C have double bonds thus C are not full of H (missing Hs) Missing more than one H = polyunsaturated Carboxyl group at the end

Phospholipids Fatty Acid Tails

Liposome:

Proteins

Proteins Common Names: Proteins, polypeptide, enzymes Examples: Structural proteins, enzymes, Hormones, found in meat, egg whites, webs, gelatin, hair, muscle Function: Provides 3d structure of cells, help regulate chemical reactions in cells. Elements: C H O N & (sometimes sulfur) S

Amino Acids All proteins are made up of amino acids. Proteins are different from one another by the sequence of their amino acids. There are 20 amino acids in all. 8 essential (we need to eat them in foods) 12 nonessential (our bodies make them)

Amino Acids have 4 parts around a central C. 1. Carboxyl Group -COOH 2. Hydrogen atom 3. Amino Group -NH2 4. R Group - is what makes each a.a. different.

Amino Acids Compounds with: Amino group (-NH2) on one end Carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other

Protein Monomer: Amino Acid Polymer: Polypeptide, Protein

Another example of levels of protein structure

Analogy Fruit Proteins Apple Muscle Banana Hair Plum Enzymes Orange Strawberry Peach Tomato Proteins Muscle Hair Enzymes Hormones Webs Gelatin Egg whites

Hormones are necessary because they function to regulate many processes in the body. Hormones belong to which group of biomolecules? proteins

Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that cause a reaction to occur at a faster rate than normal without becoming part of the product. Without enzymes, reactions proceed too slowly for a cell to live. If it has ----ase at the end, it is probably an enzyme. Maltose Maltase Sucrose Sucrase Lactose Lactase

Enzymes are specific for the type of reaction they will catalyze. pH and temperature can denature (melt) enzymes so that they stop functioning properly.

Reactants Products Bond is broken Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme

What is the purpose of an enzyme?

Nucleic Acids Common Names: Nucleotides, DNA, RNA Examples: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Functions: Stores genetic information Controls cell processes Helps build proteins (protein synthesis) Elements – P, C, H, O, N

Nucleotides Made of repeating units of nucleotides 5-carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base

How does 5 ft of DNA fit into a cell?

DNA

How are traits expressed?