Napoleon AP European History

French Revolution Timeline Moderate Stage (1789- 1792) Radical Stage (1792-1795) Reign of Terror (1793-1794) Reactionary Stage (1795-1799) Directory Napoleonic Era (1799-1815) Consulate 1799-1804 Emperor 1804-1813, Hundred Days (1815)

French Military Victories Levee en masse: the conscription of able-bodied men into the armies of the revolution 1793-1794: French armies succeeded in defending the country against invasion 1794-1795: French occupied the Low Countries, the Rhineland, parts of Spain, Switzerland, and Savoy (Treaty of Basel ended war against Prussia and Spain) France remained at war with Austria and Great Britain

French Military Victories 1796: French invaded Italy, forcing the Austrians out of the war 1797: Only Great Britain remained at war against France

I. Napoleon’s rise to power Early Successes Was a successful general during the revolution 1793 Recaptured the French city of Toulon from British Used his popularity to gain political power Married Josephine de Beauharnais, her contacts with leading figures of the Directory would advance his career

Overthrew the Directory in 1799 and established the Consulate with the Constitution of the Year VIII. Napoleon will become First Consul In 1802 becomes Consul for Life Self-made Emperor 1804 Crowned himself emperor Each increase in power was supported by the plebiscite- a public yes or no vote

II. France under Napoleon Reforms Financial: Improved economy through government control and public works, equal tax collection; Bank of France Education: System of public education Religious: Renewed standing of Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 Encouraged emigres to return under conditions Napoleonic Code Protected equality, religious tolerance

Napoleon Established the Banque de France, 1800

Lycee System of Education Established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform. Lycées initially enrolled the nation’s most talented students [they had to pay tuition, although there was some financial help available for poorer student]. Lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats.

Concordat of 1801 Napoleon wanted to heal the divisions within the Catholic Church that had developed after the confiscation of Church property and the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. But, Napoleon’s clear intent was to use the clergy to prop up his regime.

Concordat of 1801 Catholicism was declared the religion of the majority of Frenchmen. Papal acceptance of church lands lost during the Revolution. Bishops subservient to the regime. Eventually, Pope Pius VII renounced the Concordat, and Napoleon had him brought to France and placed under house arrest.

Code Napoleon, 1804 It divides civil law into: Personal status Property The acquisition of property Its purpose was to reform the French legal code to reflect the principles of the Fr. Revolution. Create one law code for France.

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code Wherever it was implemented [in the conquered territories], the Napoleonic Code swept away feudal property relations.

Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime. Napoleon undid some of the reforms of the French Revolution: Women lost most of their newly gained rights. Male heads of household regained complete authority over their wives and children.

III. Building an empire The Grand Empire France vs. Britain Napoleon begins to build his empire in 1804 by annexing (taking) land that belonged to his neighbors Put friends/relatives on foreign thrones France vs. Britain Tried to control Britain by setting up a blockade (not allowing ships to enter or leave ports), known as the Continental System Didn’t work Was increasing nationalism

Napoleon’s Family Rules Jerome Bonaparte  King of Westphalia. Joseph Bonaparte  King of Spain Louis Bonaparte  King of Holland Pauline Bonaparte  Princess of Italy Napoléon Francis Joseph Charles (son) King of Rome Elisa Bonaparte  Grand Duchess of Tuscany Caroline Bonaparte  Queen of Naples

IV. Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire Wherever Napoleon’s troops went, they spread the Napoleonic Code Ended serfdom, class barriers, church privilege People liked the ideas, but disliked being ruled by foreigners Nationalism (pride in one’s own group) led many to fight back against the French Napoleon replaced Spain’s king with his brother Joseph Spanish fought back using guerilla warfare (Unconventional hit-and-run fighting)

Europe of Napoleon - 1812

V. War with Russia Russia is offended when Napoleon marries an Austrian princess; angered over Continental System; led to war with France in 1812 Napoleon led in 600,000 troops Czar Alexander I knew his troops couldn’t win Scorched Earth Policy- Ordered them to retreat and burn everything as they left French will have no food when winter sets in Forced to retreat back to France Entered Russia in June 1812 Mid-August had advanced some 300 miles

VI. Downfall of Napoleon His enemies take advantage of the army’s weakness Russia, Britain, Austria and Prussia form an alliance against France (Quadruple Alliance) Defeat Napoleon’s army in 1813 in the Battle of the Nations Napoleon was forced to abdicate (step down from power) He was exiled to the island of Elba Louis XVI’s brother was made king; Louis XVIII

VII. Waterloo Under a French king, many emigres returned to France hoping for revenge on the revolutionaries In 1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France The people cheered his return Louis XVIII fled 100 days later Napoleon would be forced to fight joint forces under the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo, he lost

Napoleon’s Residence on St. Helena

VIII. Legacy of Napoleon Died in 1821 while re-exiled on St. Helena island Wherever he had influence he had introduced the Napoleonic Code Constitution, elections, protected rights No more Absolute Monarchs Also sparked nationalism through Europe Soon all empires would be broken up

IX. Congress of Vienna European leaders met for 10 months in Vienna 1814-1815 Their goal was to balance power in Europe to bring peace Led by Metternich of Austria Redrew the map to the boundaries before Napoleon Took power from leaders appointed by Napoleon and brought back the legitimate kings Did not factor in nationalism