Anatomy of male and Female Reproductive Systems Dr. Nabil Khouri

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System

Objectives Identify the structures related to the external genitalia Identify the testis, its coverings, and tubules Trace the entire course of the ductus deferens and identify its ampulla; Identify the seminal vesicle and demonstrate the formation and course of the ejaculatory duct. Identify the prostate gland and describe its subdivisions Demonstrate the epididymis and its subdivisions.  Describe structure and function of the erectile bodies

Male Reproductive System What is the homologous structure of the scrotum in females?

External Genital Organs Penis Scrotum

Perineum in Lithotomy Position Urogenital trangle Anal trangle

Penis and the Superficial Perineal Pouch Crus of the penis Bullb of the penis Glans penis Corpora spongiosa Corpora cavernosa body roots

Penis The penis is the organ by which the sperm is introduced into the female. It contains spongy tissue that becomes turgid and erect when filled with blood.

Erectile Tissues Corpus spongiosum – is the mass of spongy tissue which surrounds urethra and involves in erection by allowing rushing of blood into it  Corpus cavernosa – is one of a pair of songe-like regions of erectile tissue which contains most of the blood in the penis during penile erection

Coronal Section of the Penis Corpora cavernosa (with tunica albuginea) Corpora spongiosa Urethra Deep (Buck’s) fascia Superficial dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Dorsal artery Dorsal nerve Deep artery Superficial (Darto’s) fascia Coronal Section of the Penis

Sagittal View of the Penis Corpora cavernosa (with tunica albuginea) Corpora spongiosa Deep dorsal vein Dorsal artery Dorsal nerve Prepuce Frenulum Superficial dorsal vein

Urethra – a tube within the penis that conveys semen out of the body during ejaculation. Glans – the rounded, highly sensitive head of the penis. Prepuce – a fold of skin, covering the head of the penis.

Scrotum A pouch of skin formed from the lower part of the abdominal wall. The scrotum keeps the testes at a temperature slightly cooler than body temperature. Median raphe This lower temperature is important for proper sperm development and survival.

Internal Genital Organs Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands Testis Epididymis Vas Deferens

The Scrotum and Testis Dartos muscle External spermatic fascia Epididymis Dartos muscle External spermatic fascia Cremaster muscle Internal spermatic fascia Vas deferens Tunica vaginalis

Testis *Testosterone- the primary male sex hormone The testes are the two- oval shaped male organs that produce sperm and hormone testosterone *. *Testosterone- the primary male sex hormone

Head of epididymis Efferent ductules Septa Lobules Body of epididymis Tail of epididymis Ductus deferens

Each testis is made of tightly coiled structures called seminiferous tubules. Among tubules are cells that produce testosterone.

Epididymis The epididymis is a tightly coiled tubes against the testicles. It acts as maturation and storage place for sperm. Adult human testicle with epididymis: A. Head of epididymis, B. Body of epididymis, C. Tail of epididymis, and D. Vas deferens

Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens) The vas deferens is a thin tube that starts from the epididymis to the urethra in the penis. They transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

Accessory glands Seminal Vesicles Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Glands These glands produce nourishing fluids for the sperms that enter the urethra.

Seminal Vesicles produce a sticky yellowish fluid that contains fructose. The Seminal Vesicles are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens at one side of the bladder. Ureter Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate Urinary bladder This fluid provides sperm cells energy and aids in their motility.

Prostate Gland The Prostate Gland surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra, just below the bladder. The Prostate Gland is responsible for making the production of semen, a liquid mixture of sperm cells, prostate fluid and seminal fluid. This gland is also responsible for making the semen milky by mixing calcium to the semen coming from seminal vesicle.

Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s gland) The Bulbourethral Glands are two small glands located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra. It produces substances related to nourishment of spermatozoa.

Blood Supply of the Penis and Scrotum Common iliac artery External iliac artery Dorsal artery Deep artery Internal iliac artery Internal pudendal artery Anterior scrotal artery Posterior scrotal artery External pudendal artery

SPERM Function: To move and carry genetic information to the egg. Structure: Head: The large head region of the sperm that contains DNA. Midpiece: The narrow middle part of the cell that contains mitochondria. Tail: The wavelike motion of the flagellum propels the sperm forward.

REVIEW: (arrange in chronological order) The pathway of the sperm in the male reproductive system are the following: (arrange in chronological order) REVIEW: Testes Epididymis Vas Deferens Ejaculatory Duct Urethra

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System

Objectives Describe the normal position and relationships of all organs of the reproductive tracts in both sexes and the role of each in reproductive processes. Identify the vagina, and note the angle formed at its junction with the uterus Identify the uterus and its subdivisions and demonstrate the continuity of its lumen with that of the uterine tubes and the vagina Demonstrate the uterine tube and its subdivisions Describe the broad ligament and differentiate its parts. Identify the ovary and discuss the functional significance of its ligaments

Female Reproductive System Produce sex hormones Estrogen, Progesterone Produce egg (ova) Support & protect developing embryo Give birth to new baby

External genetalia Vulva—which runs from the pubic area downward to the rectum. Labia majora or "greater lips" are the part around the vagina containing two glands (Bartholin’s glands) which helps lubrication during intercourse. Labia minora or "lesser lips" are the thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front. In front they split to enclose the clitoris The clitoris is a small pea-shaped structure. It plays an important part in sexual excitement in females.

The Female External Genitalia Labia majora Labia minora External urethral orifice Mons pubis Clitoris Vaginal orifice Hymen

Female External Genitalia and the Superficial Perineal Pouch Greater vestibular gland (Bartholin’s gland) Bulb of the Vestibule Perineal body Anus Puborectalis Pubococcygeus

The Female External Genitalia and the Superficial Perineal Pouch Ischiocavernous muscle Superficial transverse perineal muscle Bulbospongiosus muscle External urethral orifice Clitoris Vaginal canal

Female External Genitalia and the Deep Perineal Pouch Bulb of the vestibule Greater vestibular gland Crus of the clitoris Urethra Deep transverse perineal muscle Clitoris Vagina Perineal membrane

Sagital View of the Entire Female Reproductive System Labia majora Labia minora Fallopian tube Ovary Body of Uterus Cervix Vaginal canal Clitortis

The Vagina A muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external genitals to the uterus. Functions as a two- way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse Serving as the avenue of birth through which the new baby enters the world Cul de sac Anterior and posterior fornices Vagina Rectouterine pouch Pouch of Douglas Vesicouterine pouch

The Cervix The lower portion or neck of the uterus. The cervix is lined with mucus, known as cervical mucus Cervical mucus provides lubrication & sperm transport during sexual intercourse During ovulation secretion of cervical mucus increases in response to estrogen But when an egg is ready for fertilization, the mucus then becomes thin and slippery, offering a “friendly environment” to sperm The vagina ends at the cervix, (cervical mucus changes: employed by birth control pills, shots and implants. One of the ways they prevent conception is to render the cervical mucus thick, sparse, and hostile to sperm.)

The Cervix At the end of pregnancy The cervix acts as the passage through which the baby exits the uterus into the vagina. The cervical canal expands to roughly 50 times its normal width for the passage of the baby during birth

Uterus Pear-shaped muscular organ in the female reproductive tract. The fundus is the upper portion of the uterus where pregnancy occurs. The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina and serves as a sphincter to keep the uterus closed during pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby. The uterus expands considerably during the reproductive process. The organ grows to from 10 to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy. Size = 3 in long x2 inch diameter Weighs about 1-1.5 oz Pregnancy – watermelon sized 

Uterus The main body consists of a firm outer coat of muscle (myometrium) and an inner lining of vascular, glandular material (endometrium). Endometrium is about 10% of uterus mass – myometrium almost 90% - thin outer coat called perimetrium This cyclic process – the menstrual cycle – results from the interaction between the female reproductive organs and the endocrine system. The endometrium thickens during the menstrual cycle to allow implantation of a fertilized egg.

Uterus Body Cervix Fundus Isthmus Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium

The endometrium is the innermost layer as a lining for the uterus During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer. This represents an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the uterus. Endometrium

The endometrium is central, echogenic (detectable using ultrasound scanners), and has an average thickness of 6.7 mm. During pregnancy, the blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number, forming the placenta, Placenta supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo & fetus. Endometrium

Ovaries Also known as female gonads They produce eggs (also called ova) every female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs They also produce hormones: Estrogen  & Progesterone They are among the first organs to be formed as a female baby develops in the uterus. At the 20-week mark, the structures that will become the ovaries house roughly 6 to 7 million potential egg cells. From that point on, the number begins to decrease rapidly. A newborn infant has between 1 million to 2 million egg cells. By puberty the number has plummeted to 300,000. For every egg that matures and undergoes ovulation, roughly a thousand will fail, so that by menopause, only a few thousand remain. During the course of an average reproductive lifespan, roughly 300 mature eggs are produced for potential conception. The ovaries produce these hormones throughout the fertile period of a woman's life. It is the hormones that control the menstrual cycle. As you get older and menopause approaches, the ovaries make less and less of these hormones and the periods eventually stop altogether. So the normal ovaries cannot usually be felt in a clinical examination except in young, thin women. The ovaries are the main source of female hormones (estrogen and progesterone). These hormones control the development of female body characteristics, such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. They also regulate the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. What is estrogen? Estrogen is a group of female sex hormones that stimulate the appearance of secondary female sex characteristics in girls at puberty. Estrogen controls controls the growth of the lining of the uterus during the first part of the menstrual cycle, cause breast development in pregnancy and regulates various metabolic processes.

Fallopian tubes [uterine tubes] Stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 13 cm in length. The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries feather into ends called fimbria Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity. Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube (4 to 6 inches) = length called fimbria (Latin for "fringes" or "fingers").each tube has about about 20 to 25 Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes. The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity. Other cells in the tube's inner lining or endothelium nourish the egg and lubricate it's path during its stay inside the fallopian tube. Once inside the fallopian tube, the egg and sperm meet and the egg is fertilized. If an egg doesn't become fertilized within 24 to 36 hours after ovulation, it will deteriorate and be removed by the body's immune system like any other dead cell in the body.

Uterine Tubes Infundibulum Ovary Fimbriae Ampula Isthmus

Pregnant Uterus

The Broad Ligament (Posterior View) Mesometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium Anterior Posterior Uterine tube ovary Mesometrium Mesosalpinx Mesovarium

Ligaments of the Female Reproductive Organs (Posterior View) Broad ligament Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament (Round ligament of the Ovary) Uterosacral ligament

Ligaments of the Female Reproductive Organs (Superior View) Round Ligament of the uterus Round ligament of the ovary (Ovarian ligament) Uterosacral ligament Suspensory ligament of the ovary (Infundibulopelvic ligament)

Blood Supply of the Pelvic Organs Common iliac Internal iliac artery Obturator artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery Superior vesical artery Inferior vesical artery Internal pudendal artery

Blood Supply of the Female Reproductive Organs Ovarian artery Uterine artery Vaginal artery Internal pudendal artery