በአካባቢ ደንና አየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ሚኒስቴር የአጋር አካላት የግንዛቤ ማሳደጊያ አዉደ ጥናት

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Presentation transcript:

በአካባቢ ደንና አየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ሚኒስቴር የአጋር አካላት የግንዛቤ ማሳደጊያ አዉደ ጥናት በብሄራዊ ሬድ ፕላስ ሴክሬታሪያት የክልል ሬድ ፕላስ ማስተባበሪያ ዩኒት ደንና የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥና ትስስር የአጋር አካላት የግንዛቤ ማሳደጊያ አዉደ ጥናት 2008

ይዘት የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ምልክቶች የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መንስዔዎች የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥና የደን ሚና

የአየር ንበረት ለዉጥ ማለት ምን ማለት ነዉ? የአየር ንብረት ለዉት ምልክቶች ምንድና ናቸዉ? የኢላላ ደን

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ምን ማለት ነዉ? የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ማለት ከአስርት ዓማታት ባለነሰ ጊዜ ዉስጥ የሚኖር የዝናብና የሙቀት መጠን ለዉጥ ነዉ፡፡ የተባበሩት መንግስታት የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ማእቀፍ (UNFCCC) ይህ ለዉጥ በቀጥታም ሆነ በተዘዋዋሪ በሰዉ ልጆች አማካይነት የመጣ እንደሆነ ይገልጸል፡፡ ለዉጡ በካባቢ አየር ዉስጥ የሚኖረዉን የተለያዩ ጋዞች ምጣኔ ያዛባል ማለት ነዉ፡፡

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ በከባቢ አየር ዉስጥ የሙቀት አማቂ ጋዞች ምጣኔ እየጨመረ መምጣቱ ሙአጋ ሙቀት አምቆ የመያዝ ባህሪ ስላላቸዉ ካባቢ አየርና የመሬት ሙቀት መጠን እንዲጨምር ያደርጋሉ ከከባቢ አየር አልፎ የሚሄድ ሙቀት ሙአጋ መአጋ GHGs

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. ለምሳሌ : እአአ በ2013 በተደረገ ልኬታ በከባቢ አየር ዉስጥ የካርቦንዳይኦክሳይድ መጠን በአማካይ ከሚሊዮን ሲሰላ 395.3 ድርሻ እንደነበረዉ ተዘግቧል፡፡

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. የዓለም የሙቀት መጠን በየጊዜዉ እየጨመረ መምጣቱ፣ እአአ 2015 ዓ/ም ከፍተኛ የሙቀት መጠን የተመዘገበበት ዓመት ነዉ፡፡

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. Changes in precipitation patterns የዓለም የዝናብ መጠን አካባቢያዊ ተለያይነት ሁኔታ (እ.ኤ.አ. ከ1990 እስከ 2000 ዓ/ም የተወሰደ መረጃ)፣ There have also been marked changes in precipitation patterns worldwide, due to changes in surface temperatures of oceans and land, changes in wind patterns and movements of ocean currents. This map shows the trends in annual precipitation over the last century, with yellow dots representing areas that are experiencing decreases in rainfall, and green areas representing areas that are experiencing increased rainfall. The size of the dots represents the magnitude of the change. As you can see from the map, the changes in precipitation are quite variable geographically. Some parts of the world, lke the eastern regions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia are experiencing increased (and often heavier) rainfall. IN addition, not only are these regions experiencing more rainfall, they often experience much heavier rainstorms (potentially cuasing flooding and damage) Globally, the area under drought has increased since 1970’s. While others- such as the Sahel, the Meditteranean, and nothern and central Asia are receiving less precipitation and suffering longer and more sver droughts. Some regions of the world are experining much greater levels of precipitation smaller and use “Precipitation changes: trends over land from 1900-2000 Surface air temperatures have increased approximately by 1F during the 20th century Both globla air and ocean temperatures are increasing across the world, with a mean rise in temperature of 0.8 C since 1800’2 1990s were the hottest decade on record Ocean temperature have increased to depth of 3000m Atmospheric water vapour has increased (warmer water holds more area) Rising temperatures: Sea level rises Changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and NOx Changes in aerosols During the last hundred years, the sea level has risen 4-8 inches Will likely increase 1.6 – 6.8 oC before 2100. Less rain More rain

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. የዓለም የመቀት መጠን በመጨመሩ ምክንያት የበረዶ መቅለጥ ብሎም የባህር ከፍታ መጨመርን አስከትሏል፡፡ እ.አ.አ፡- ከ1870 - 2006 ዓ.ም የዓለም አመካይ 3.1ሚሜ በዓመት፣ በ20ኛዉ ክፍለ ዘመን አማካይ የባህር ከፍታ ጭማሬ 17ሳ.ሜ ሲሆን እ.አ.አ በ2100 በ28-58ሳ.ሜ ከፍ እንደሚል ይገመታል፣ http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/trends-in-sea-level-1870-2006 + 3.1 mm per year Across the world, the warming temperatures are melting glaciers and causing sea water to expand, resulting in increases in the overall sea level. In the last 100 years, global sea levels have rising an average of 17 cm, and are projected to rise 28-58 by 2100. From 1961 to 1993, sea levels rose at a rate of 1.8 mm/yr; and since 1993 at a rate of 3.1 mm/ya Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion and melting glaciers and icecaps These rising seas level pose risk to people and ecosystems living in coastal areas and low-lying islands Another sign of climate change are the rising sea levels. (island info – UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States, 2007, UN NY) (graph and text to right) put in “Trends in sea level, 1870 – 2006 sea levels have risen 17 cm during 20th century projected to rise 28-58 cm by end of 21st century http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/gr-ar4-syr.htm graph of sea level in se usa (http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/~tk/climate_dynamics/climate_impact_webpage.html) Sea levels are rising due to a combination of : thermal expansion (water expands as it gets hotter) Glaciers melting Greenland ice sheet melting Antartic ice sheet melting Rate of sea level rise is increasing: from 1961-1993, sea levels rose an average of 0.4 mm/yr’ from 1993 to 2003, sea levels have risen 1.6 mm/yr (

ከፍተኛ የድርቅ ክስተት አስፈሪ የአየር ፀባይ ክስተቶች ከፍተኛ የዝናብ ክስተት ከፍተኛ ማዕበል፣ አዉሎ ነፋስ፣ የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. አስፈሪ የአየር ፀባይ ክስተቶች ከፍተኛ የድርቅ ክስተት ከፍተኛ የዝናብ ክስተት ከፍተኛ ማዕበል፣ አዉሎ ነፋስ፣ statistics from IPCC physical science of climate change, 2007 (http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf) Greater frequency of: Heat waves Heavy precipitation events Tropical Cyclones in North Atlantic Strong storms Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding, heat waves

የግግር በረዶ መጠን መቀነስ የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. Decreasing snow cover and melting glaciers የግግር በረዶ መጠን መቀነስ የኪሊማንጃሮ ተራራ የግግር በረዶ (እአአ. በ1993 የተወሰደ) የኪሊማንጃሮ ተራራ ግግር በረዶ (እአአ. በ2000 ዓ.ም የተወሰደ)፡- እአአአ. በ1912 ዓ/ም ከተደረገዉ ልኬታ አንጻር ሲታይ በ82% ቀንሷል፣ 82% of Mt. Kilimanjaro’s glacier has disappeared since first surveyed in 1912 Another sign of climate change is that worldwide, snow cover is melting and glaciers are retreating. The graph on the left shows the change in area of land (in millions of km) globally that is under snow cover- and it is clear that this area has declined significantly in recent years. In addition to losses in snow cover, glaciers are melting in almost all regions of the world- often at a very alarming rate. For example, Moutn Kilimanjaro in Kenya has lost almost 82% of its glacier, and much of this melting has occurred in the last decade (as seen in the photo above). left graphic (Image by NASA of Kilimanjaro's rapidly melting glacier. 82% of it has disappeared since it was first surveyed back in 1912. The image shows the difference in only seven years. ) (http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=1361) right graphic (http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/gr-ar4-syr.htm) Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined The Arctic provides a striking illustration of the impacts of climate change on people and places. Sea ice has shrunk substantially, and coastal ice melts three weeks earlier than it did just 30 years ago. The area of sea lost since 1979 is greater than California, Texas and Maryland combined. The bald truth is that Earth’s polar ice caps are melting at an alarming rate. The cause? Global climate change.

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ መኖሩ…. የሰሜናዊ ንፍቀ ክበብ የግግር በረዶ መጠን መቀነስ በ1920 ዓ/ም (እአአ.) ከነበረዉ ሺፋን ጋር ሲነፃጸር በ35 ሚሊዮን ካሬ ኪ.ሜ የሚገመት መቀነስ (እ.አ.አ በ1920 - 2000ዓ/ም የተወሰደ ልኬታ)፣

በዋልታዎች አካባቢ ያለዉ የበረዶ ግግር እየቀነሰ መጥቷል፤ በአርክቲክ ባህር አካባቢ የነበረዉ የበረዶ ግግር (በ2003 እና በ1979 የተወሰደ ንጽጽር Wilkins Ice Shelf (indication of increasing warming temps/happening quicker than expected – scientists did not expect ice shelf to break for another 15 years) Arctic temperature has increased at twice global average rate in past 100 years Average Arctic sea ice extent has shrunk by 2.7% per decade Aerial foto- intact on Feb 28th- top is intact; bottom is with all of the debris part that broke off (160 square miles) is 7 times size of manhattan Warming expected to be greatest at the poles (2-3X global average) and least in the tropics a Warming of the Artic slide 9 Artic temperatures increased at twice the global average rate in the past 100 years. Average Artic sea ice xtent has shrunk by 2.7% per decade Collapsing ice shelves in the Antartic slide 10 (or combine with slide 9) Mention recent collapse of the large ice shelf in Antartic left graphic (http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/gr-ar4-syr.htm) Mountain glaciers and snow cover have declined The Arctic provides a striking illustration of the impacts of climate change on people and places. Sea ice has shrunk substantially, and coastal ice melts three weeks earlier than it did just 30 years ago. The area of sea lost since 1979 is greater than California, Texas and Maryland combined. The bald truth is that Earth’s polar ice caps are melting at an alarming rate. The cause? Global climate change. የአንታርክቲካ የበረዶ ግግር መቅለጥ፣

የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታ በኢትዮጵያ • የሙቀት መጠን መጨመር (0.8-2.7°C). • የዝናብ መጠን መለያየት (መብዛት፣ማነስ)፣ • ከ200,000 ሄ/ር የሚበልጥ ደን በየዓመቱ በእሳት ቃጠሎ እየተጎዳ እንደሆነ ጥናቶች አመላክተዋል፡፡

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጡ የድርቅ፣የጎርፍና የአፈር መሸርሸር አደጋዎችን እያስከተለ ነዉ፡፡ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታ በኢትዮጵያ… እ.አ.አ በ2050 ከፍተኛዉ የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ የጉዳት ግምት ሲወሰድ ከሃሪቱ ጠቅላላ ምርት (GDP) 10% የሚገመት ጉዳት ያስከትላል፡፡ የአየር ንብረት ለዉጡ የድርቅ፣የጎርፍና የአፈር መሸርሸር አደጋዎችን እያስከተለ ነዉ፡፡ ድርቅ ከሃሪቱን ጠቅላላ ምርት 1% - 4% የሚገመት ጉዳት ያስከትላል፣ የአፈር መሸርሸር የግብርና ምርትን ከ2% - 3% (1% ከጠቅላላ ምርት)፣

የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታ በኢትዮጵያ… በኢትዮጵያ ላለፉት 50 ዓመታት : ከ1960ዎቹ (እ.አ.አ) ወዲህ በአማካይ የ1°C የመዉቀት መጠን ጭማሪ ተመዝግል፤ የዝናብ መጠን ከ25% - 50% ተለያይነት ተመዝግቧል፤ በተለይ በደቡብ የሃገሪቱ ክፍል በ 20% የዝናብ መጠን መቀነስ

አማካይ የሙቀት መጠን (በዲ.ሴ) የሚያሳይ ካርታ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታ በኢትዮጵያ… አማካይ የሙቀት መጠን (በዲ.ሴ) የሚያሳይ ካርታ

አማካይ የዝናብ መጠንን (በሚ.ሜ) የሚያሳይ ካርታ የአየር ንብረት ሁኔታ በኢትዮጵያ… አማካይ የዝናብ መጠንን (በሚ.ሜ) የሚያሳይ ካርታ

የአየር ንብረት ለዉጥ ምክንያቶች

የሰዉ ልጆች በሚያከናዉኗቸዉ ተግባራት ምክንያት የሚለቀቁ የሙአጋ ሙቀት አማቂ ጋዞች (መአጋ) ከኢንዱስትሪ የሚመነጩ ከመሬት አጠቃቀም የሚመነጩ ካርቦን ዳይኦክሳይድ(CO2) ለሃይል ምንጭነት የቅሪት አካላት መቃጠል እና ሲሚንቶ ማመረት የደን መመንጠርና ቃጠሎ ሚቴን(CH4) የድንጋይ ከሰል ማምረት ፣ የተፈጥሮ ጋዝ ማምረት እና ቆሻሻ መቅበር (landfill) የእርጥበት አዘል መሬቶችና የሩዝ መሬቶች አጠቃቀም መለወጥ እና እንስሳት እርባታ ናይትረስ ኦክሳይድ (N2O) ለሃይል ምንጭነት የቅሪት አካላት መቃጠል ፣ ናይትሪክ አሲድ ማምረት የማደባበሪያ አጠቃቀም፣ የስብስብ ህይወት መቃጠል (Burning of biomass) ሃይድሮፈሎሮካርቦን (HFCs) የኢንዱስትሪ ማመረት ሂደት --- ፐርፍሎሮካርቦን (PFCs) ሳልፈር ሄክሳፍሎራይድ(SF6) የኤሌክትሪክ መስተላለፍና ስርጭት ---- N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 info from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/glossary.html#N2O

በዓለም ደረጃ የሙቀት አማቂ ጋዞች የልቀት ምጣኔ በሴክትር ቆሻሻ ና ቆሻሻየዉሃ አካላት ደን የኃይል አቅርቦት ግብርና ኢንዱስትሪ ኢንዱስትሪ (smokestacks: www.nasa.gov; cars: www.cwac.net; fires: www.greeenpeace.org.uk; tractor: www.state.sd.us/DOA/; የንግድ አካባቢዎች

በኢትዮጶጰያ የሙቀት አማቂ ጋዞች የልቀት ምጣኔ በሴክትር መኖሪያ አካባቢ ኢንዱስትሪ ትራንስፖርት የኃይል አቅርቦት ግብርና ደን

የሙአጋ ልቀት መጠን በሴክተር(የኢትዮጵያ አረንጓዴ ኢኮኖሚ ስትራቴጂ)…. (MtCO2e) 2010 እአአ. 2030 እአአ. -ልቀቱ አሁን ባለበት ሁኔታ ቢቀጥል በ2030 አረንገዴ ኢኮኖሚ ተግባራት ሲካነዉኑ ሊቀነስ የሚችል የልቀት መጠን ግብርና ደን ኃይል አቅርቦት ትራንስፖርት ኢንዱስትሪ መኖሪያ አካባቢዎች… ድምር

የሙአጋ ልቀትን የሚያሳይ ካርታ (እአአ. በ2000 ዓ/ም የተወሰደ) All countries emit GHG’s and contribute to climate change, but levels vary greatly ክፍተኛ ልቀት ዝቅተኛ ልቀት

ባደጉና በማደግ ላይ ያሉ ሀገራት የሙአጋ ልቅት ሁኔታ ያደጉ ሃገራት “Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy” World Resources Institute Kevin A. Baumert, Timothy Herzog, and Jonathan Pershing http://www.wri.org/climate/pubs_description.cfm?pid=4093 Accessed 10/16/07 th

በካርቦን ኡድት ዉስጥ የደን ሚና

በካርቦን ኡድት ዉስጥ የደን ሚና የደን መመንጠርና መመናመን 5.87 ጊጋ ቶን የካርቦን አቻ ወደ ከባቢ አየር እንዲለቀቅ ምክንያት ነዉ፣ ደን 9.53 ጊጋ ቶን የካርቦን አቻ በመት የመምጠጥ (የማግለል) አቅም አላቸዉ፣ በካባቢ አየር ዉስጥ ያለ ካርቦንዳደደኦሳይድ ዛፎች ካርቦንዳይኦከስሰይድን በመምጥ ወደ ጠጣር ካርቦን በመቀየር በቅጠል፣ በእንጨትና ቅርፊቶቻቸዉ ላይ እንዲጠራቀም ያደርጋሉ፣ ዛፎች ሲቆረጡና ሲቃጠሉ ካርቦን በኪሚካል ዉህደት ወደ ካርቦንዳይኦከስሰይድ ተቀይሮ ወደ ካባቢ አየር ይቀላቀላል Forests play a dual role in climate change. Forests can be a source of greenhouse gases, emitting carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when they are burned or destroyed and forests can also act as a “sink,” removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it as carbon in their biomass as they grow. Forests and other terrestrial systems annually absorb approximately 2.6 gigatons of carbon (GtC), or 9.53 gigatons of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e),7 while deforestation and degradation of forests emit approximately 1.6GtC (5.87 GtCO2e), for net absorption of 1GtC (3.67 GtCO2e) (IPCC, 2007a). The 1.6GtC emitted by deforestation and degradation of forests accounts for 17.4 percent of total emissions from all sectors, more than the emissions of the entire global transportation sector (see Figure 6) (IPCC, 2007b). Source: N. Virgilio, TNC

የደን ሺፋን የኢትዮጵያ የደን ሺፋን፡ የመሬት 15.5% በደን የተሸፈነ ነዉ (15 ሚሊዮን ሄር) Forest area by biome የዓለም የደን ሺፋን፡ የመሬት 30% በደን የተሸፈነ ነዉ (4 ቢሊዮን ሄር) ትሮፒክስ 16~17 ሚሊካሬ ኪሜ ቴምፕሬት 9~10 ሚሊካሬ ኪሜ ቦሪያል 15~16 ሚሊካሬ ኪሜ About 4 billion hectares of the earth’s surface is forest. Much of the world’s remaining forest cover is in the tropics, approximately 16 to 17 million km 2 (or 1.6 to 1.7 billion hectares). Boreal forest area is nearly as vast, however the extent of land use change in the boreal forest (primarily through burning, logging, and pest) is not of the same magnitude. የኢትዮጵያ የደን ሺፋን፡ የመሬት 15.5% በደን የተሸፈነ ነዉ (15 ሚሊዮን ሄር)

የደን ካርቦን (Forest Carbon) Carbon stock by biome የብስ ላይ ካለ ካርቦን 45% የሚሆነዉ የሚገኘዉ ደኖች ዉስጥ ነዉ፡፡ የሀሩር ክልል ደን ~25% የቴምፕሬት ክልል ደን ~10% ነቦሪያል ክልል ደን ~5% ደኖች 2.6 ጊጋ ቶን ካርቦን (9.53 ጊጋ ቶን የካርቦን አቻ) በዓመት ያገላሉ፡፡ በደን መመንጠር ምክንያት የሀሩር ክልል ካለ ደን የሚለቀቅ የካርቦን መጠን 1.5 ጊጋ ቶን በዓመት Forests absorb tremendous quantities of CO2. It is estimated that Earth’s forests can sequester 33% of human-caused emissions. Forests have their work cut out for them. The trouble is that the increasing production of human-caused emissions is projected to far out pace the storage capacity of forests, unless there is dramatic change that leads to stopping deforestation. More than 80% of the emissions from land use change come from developing country forests. Forests and peatlands store more than twice the global total of CO2e in the atmosphere, or more than 100 years of human emissions. Tropical forests are one of the world’s most productive long-term carbon sinks – stopping deforestation is thus an urgent priority – to reduce their role as the most productive CO2 sources.

ከደን ልማት አንፃር የኢትዮጵያ አቋም በአረንጓዴ ኢኮኖሜ ስትራቴጂ ሰነድ ዉስጥ የደን ሴክተር ከአራት ዋና ሴክተሮች ዉስጥ አንዱ መሆኑ፤ እስከ 2020 ዓ/ም(እ.አ.አ) 22 ሚሊዮን ሄር መሬት ደን ለማልማትና የደን መሬትን መልሶ ለማገገም እቅድ ይዛልች፣

የደን መመናመን እና መመንጠርን በመከላከል ቀድሞ ወደነበረበት የመመለስ የዚህ ትዉልድ ኃላፊነት ነዉ፡፡ አመሰግናለሁ!!