Different Approaches to “Race Politics,” 1890s-1920s Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Marcus Garvey

Booker T. Washington (1856 – 1915) Educator, Author, Orator, Political Leader Criticized by leaders of NAACP, like Dubois "Up From Slavery" Born a slave in Virginia around 1856 Graduated from Hampton Institute Became leading black Republican Control of patronage = source of power Privately funded lawsuits challenging segregation

Booker T. Washington- Aims To encourage the advance of practical education and self-improvement for African-Americans in order to assist the growth of self-respect and to advance economic security. Believed that best future for African Americans could be realized through education in craft and industrial skills He avoided pursuit of social equality and largely accepted the continuation of segregation.

Booker T. Washington- Tactics “Go Slow” approach Established Tuskegee Institute (1881) to train African Americans in scientific agriculture and commercial and industrial trades. Atlanta Compromise Speech of 1895 Described agitation for social equality as “extremist folly” Labelled as an “accomodationist” and “Uncle Tom” for failure to challenge white supremacy. "In order to reduce racial conflict, he advised blacks to stop demanding equal rights and learn to live a separate existence from white people."-Ron Field

Booker T. Washington- Tactics Blacks would thus accept segregation and discrimination, but their eventual acquisition of wealth and culture would gradually win for them the respect and acceptance of the white community. This would break down the divisions between the two races and lead to equal citizenship for blacks in the end. One historian, Louis R. Harlan, described Washington's views as being "seen, as in a tailor's mirror, from new angles, but in the usual posture." Drew criticism from W.E.B. Dubois

W. E. B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) Ph.D. from Harvard (first African American to do this) after spending 2 years at University of Berlin Wrote " The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study" It was the first case study of a black community in the United States. Strong supporter of Harlem Renaissance, helped publish Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer Despised whites thought they should be questioned on all grounds Became Marxist & Pan-Africanist in 1940s – 50s

W.E.B. DuBois- Aims Complete social, economic and political equality for African Americans Access to university education for the “talented tenth” Studied criminology in relation to race and believed the talented tenth would save the African American race from crime problems "Education must not simply teach work...it must teach life."

W.E.B. DuBois- Tactics Initiated the Niagara Movement (1905) Rejected the philosophy of Washington Sought full equality to that of white citizens Helped found the NAACP (1909) Pursued anti-lynching legislation Placed emphasis on legal advocacy Guinn v. US (1915)- Opposed Oklahoma grandfather clause Souls of Black Folk (1903) Attacked the philosophy of Washington’s Atlanta Compromise concept.

The NAACP White founders like Oswald Garrison Villard were children & grandchildren of abolitionists – felt obligation to complete the work Black founders like DuBois & Walter White were educated, middle-class professionals who resented not being taken seriously Focus on legal challenges to segregation Guinn v. Oklahoma (1915) invalidated grandfather clauses Buchanan v. Warley (1917) banned residential segregation ordinances Amenia Conference (Aug. 1916) lessened tensions with Tuskegee

Other conditions Social Segregation Economic Legal Education, entertainment, businesses, etc. Economic Lower wages, poor choice of jobs Many were share croppers Legal 14th Amendment- Citizenship 15th Amendment- Right to vote Jim Crow laws- De jure segregation The Jim Crow laws were racial segregation lawsenacted after the Reconstruction period in Southern United States, at state and local levels, and which continued in force until 1965, which mandated de jure (“concerning law”- de facto segregation means “concerning fact”) racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy.

The Urban League Counterpart to NAACP Focus on economic advancement – secured grants & loans for black-owned businesses Worked with migrants moving to Northern cities during the Great Migration

Black Nationalism Alexander Crummell (1819 – 1898) Episcopal priest Missionary to Liberia for 20 years Argued all blacks everywhere must unite Henry M. Turner (1834 – 1915) AME pastor & bishop (1880) 1st black U.S. Army chaplain (1863) Worked with Freedmen’s Bureau in Georgia & elected to state legislature in 1868 Called on fellow blacks to move to Africa “to achieve dignity and manhood”

Marcus Garvey and the UNIA Jamaican immigrant – came to NYC in 1916 Black Nationalist – argued Africans would never be treated fairly until they had their own, independent nation Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914

Marcus Garvey- Aims Rejected assimilation Sought to promote and develop pride in African culture Supported Black Nationalism and the re-settlement of American Blacks in Africa.

Marcus Garvey- Tactics Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (1914) Sponsored a variety of businesses Including the Black Star Steamship Line to promote Black businesses for Black consumers Indictment on business fraud charges (1922) led to deportation to his native Jamaica

Marcus Garvey Impact Marcus Garvey (1887-1940) was a Jamaican political thinker and activist. He formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in 1914 and moved to the United States in 1916, where he established branches in New York and other northern cities. He was an early advocator of black nationalism and led a “back to Africa” movement for black Americans to establish a black-governed country in Africa.

Marcus Garvey Impact Garvey created a mass following and laid the foundations for the black nationalism of 1960s, which would be associated with the nation of Islam and the Black Panthers. The cult of Rastafarianism is based largely on his ideas.

Universal African Legion Designed to create pride & self-confidence among blacks Faux titles of nobility seen as ridiculous by outsiders

The Black Star Line

Garvey arrested in 1923 Convicted of mail fraud in 1923 in connection with failed Black Star Line After serving sentence, deported in 1927