Enlightenment.

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Presentation transcript:

Enlightenment

Origins of the Enlightenment New World View Rationalism Scientific Method Progress Why? Question antiquity Increased contact with wider word Doubt & uncertainty Devastation of War

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment Rationalism reason is the arbiter of all things. Cosmology a new concept of man, his existence on earth, & the place of the earth in the universe. Religion Deism: Clockmaker view of God Secularism application of the methods of science to religion & philosophy. Atheists ::gasp::

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment Scientific Method Mathematical analysis Experimentation Inductive reasoning. Utilitarianism the greatest good for the greatest number. Tolerance No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for.

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment Optimism & Self-Confidence man is intrinsically good. social progress. Freedom Of thought and expression. Bring liberty to all men (battle against absolutism). Education of the Masses

The Characteristics of the Enlightenment Legal Reforms Justice, kindness, and charity no torture or indiscriminant incarceration. Due process of law. Constitutionalism Written constitutions listing citizens, rights. Cosmopolitanism

Continuing Superstition Belief in magic and the occult persisted witch-hunts: 70,000–100,000 put to death, 1400–1700; 80% women village society: magic helped cope with natural disasters and disabilities Christian clergy: practiced high magic/miracles (Eucharist, Penance, Confession, exorcism)

Centers of the Enlightenment

Philosphes French philosophers Intellectuals “bringing light to ignorant humans” Paris was center Salons: Conversation, discussion, debate Societies & Academies share information Not in universities! English: Coffee houses

And other cultural stuff Reading Revolution! And other cultural stuff Growth literacy & book production Elite women: art, salons, etc Generally excluded from the smart people stuff Queen Christina of Sweden (r. 1623–1654): brought Descartes to design regulations for a new science academy Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673) Maria Winkelmann—German astronomer, excluded from Berlin Academy Book clubs, Masonic lodges, newspapers Not for the poor people…mainly middle and upper Classification of human “races”

Book Publishing Industry

Booksellers/Popular Publishing

Travel Literature

Freemasonry

Scientific & Literary Journals

Academies French Academy of Sciences

Royal Societies

Encyclopedias

Debating Societies

Salons

Coffeehouses

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