Chapter 11: From DNA to Protein

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Chapter 11: From DNA to Protein

DNA to protein notes outline Types of RNA: 1. mRNA 2. tRNA 3. rRNA Transcription: why? ex. Translation where? codon: peptide bond: anticodon: start= stop= Gene expression 2 steps: II. DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA # strands Sugar Bases location

DNA to Protein: Gene: segment of DNA that controls a trait Gene Expression: using genetic information in DNA to make proteins 2 Stages: transcription translation

DNA replication DNA transcription RNA translation Protein

DNA: RNA: double stranded single stranded sugar = deoxyribose thymine pairs with adenine cannot leave nucleus RNA: single stranded sugar = ribose uracil pairs with adenine leaves the nucleus

Three Types of RNA: RNA = RiboNucleic Acid mRNA (messenger RNA): travels from nucleus to cytoplasm carrying message from DNA tRNA (transfer RNA): transfers amino acids to ribosome that will make the protein rRNA (ribosomal RNA): makes up the ribosome

Transcription: Process of making mRNA from DNA why? DNA can’t leave nucleus but RNA can

Steps of Transcription 1. DNA unzips 2. Free nucleotides build mRNA from DNA 3. mRNA leaves nucleus to find a ribosome for protein synthesis 4. DNA “re-zips”

Example: transcribe this DNA into mRNA: A C C A T G A C C T U G G U AC U G G A

Transcription/translation: After transcription is complete, the mRNA enters the cytoplasm and looks for a ribsosome to begin protein synthesis

Translation: Process of making proteins from RNA (using codons) CODON: 3 bases on mRNA to make amino acid peptide bonds link amino acids the amino acid sequence determines the structure and function of proteins 20 amino acids

Use a codon chart to determine correct amino acids Some codons signal start or stop AUG (methoinine) = start building protein UAA, UAG, UGA = stop building protein

Translation: Starts when mRNA binds to a ribosome, tRNA then carries amino acids to the ribosome (tRNA has anticodon that matches mRNA codon)

Example of Translation: mRNA is CGAUGUUCAAACUGUGA tRNA is GCUACAAGUUUGACACU First find start codon on mRNA, then group in 3 for the rest of your strand amino acid chain is: meth-phenyl-lys-leu-STOP!