Protein synthesis: TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION

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Presentation transcript:

Protein synthesis: TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: DNA -> DNA DNA -> RNA RNA -> Protein

Types of RNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) picks up amino acid in cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosome tRNA has ANTI-CODONS Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - found in ribosome - associates with proteins to form ribosomes in the cytoplasm Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries nucleotide sequence from nucleus to ribosome mRNA has CODONS

T-RNA AND M-RNA CODONS (in mRNA) and ANTI-CODONS (in tRNA) work together to make protein during TRANSLATION Remember: proteins are also called polypeptides! tRNA

TRANSCRIPTION: DNA produces RNA Genetic code is transferred to mRNA Occurs in the nucleus Genetic code is transferred to mRNA

A segment of DNA separates: one segment serves as a pattern for RNA RNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to the template DNA strand. (Remember: no “T” in RNA, only “U”, A-U, G-C)

A genetic code for a protein in DNA is copied into the mRNA A genetic code is made of “CODONs” in mRNA Each codon is made of 3 nitrogen bases Each codon codes for an AMINO ACID

TRANSLATION: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS! Occurs in ribosomes in cytoplasm or RER

1. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm Steps of Translation: 1. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm 2. Ribosomes attach to the mRNA 3. tRNA picks up free amino acids in the cell and carries them to the ribosome 4. The anti-codon in tRNA matches the codon in mRNA and start adding amino acids to a growing protein The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds!! Translation animation

TRANSLATION OF GENETIC CODE IN MESSENGER RNA INTO PROTEINS INSTRUCTIONAL VIDEO

DNA sequence: AAT CGC ATC mRNA sequence: UUA GCG UAG CODONS: YOU CAN FIND THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A PROTEIN USING THE CODONS IN M-RNA AND A CODON TABLE! Example: DNA sequence: AAT CGC ATC mRNA sequence: UUA GCG UAG CODONS: UUA = Leucine amino acid GCG= Alanine UAG = Stop amino acid AMINO ACID/PROTEIN SEQUENCE: LEU- ALA – STOP **THERE ARE ONLY 20 AMINO ACIDS, BUT MILLION S OF PROTEINS: IT’S THE COMBINATION OF THOSE AMINO ACIDS THAT WILL GENERATE MILLIONS OF PROTEINS!**

CODON WHEEL

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